CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 1,250 OWNERS OF HACKS, DRAYS, BUSES, ETC., WHO DRIVE THEIR OWN TEAMS IN MICHIGAN, 1895 REPORTED IN THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MICHIGAN BUREAU OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS Version 2.1 July 5, 1993 Susan B. Carter Thomas Kelly Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Thomas Kelly, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, etc. who drive their own teams in Michigan, 1895; Reported in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 1,250 OWNERS OF HACKS, DRAYS, BUSES, ETC., WHO DRIVE THEIR OWN TEAMS IN MICHIGAN, 1895 In 1895 the Michigan Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics conducted three major surveys pertaining to "street railways and their employees" in that State. The results were published in three comprehensive tables in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of 1896.[1] This codebook and user's manual pertains to the third survey in the volume, a canvass of 1,943 "Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc. Who Drive Their Own Teams." The Bureau published 1,250 of the 1,943 survey responses it collected. It justifying its decision to omit approximately one-third of the responses with the remark that the published responses were "...enough to fully verify the work." [2] It did, nonetheless, publish selected summary statistics based on the responses of all 1,943 persons canvassed. [3] These are presented in Table A below, together with comparable summary statistics calculated from the 1,250 individually-published responses. Comparison of the two sets of figures shows that the fraction of workers who were married and home owners was virtually identical in the total canvass and in the published portion of the canvass. The fraction of workers who were native-born and who reported some savings was slightly higher among those whose detailed responses were published (71.2 verses 62.0 percent and 39.0 verses 30.1 percent, respectively). The fraction of workers who reported indebtedness and inability to meet payments was slightly lower (9.6 verses 11.2 percent). Average daily wage and amount earned the past year were also quite similar. All in all, the Bureau's claim that published responses fairly represent all of the responses collected seems close to the mark. Table A Responses All Owners Whose Question Canvassed Responses Were Owners Reported American 62.0%* 71.2% Married 83.1% 85.0% Own Home 57.6% 61.2% Saved Money in Past Year 30.1% 39.0% In Debt & Cannot Make Payments 11.2% 9.6% Average Daily Earnings Per Rig $2.16 $1.98 Note: * Reported as "about 62%" [Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, 1896, p. 215]. The Bureau had intended that information be collected in all parts of the State, "especially in the cities and larger towns." However in its Report it noted that the "failure of some of those who were selected as canvassers" meant that "several important places were not canvassed." The Bureau did not give the names of these places. To determine the nature of places omitted from the canvassing we compared the distribution of canvassed workers across counties with that of the population in the federal census of 1900. The results are presented in Table B below. The comparison reveals that all of the counties completely omitted from the canvass had small populations. Only three -- Huron, Kalamazoo, and Sanilac -- accounted for as much as one percent of the state population in 1900. The two counties with five percent or more of the state population -- Kent and Wayne -- do account for a slightly larger share of canvassed workers than of state population. Some of the difference may simply reflect a concentration of transportation workers in urban places. Overall, the distribution of surveyed workers across counties seems to be a reasonably close match to that of the population. The Michigan Bureau must have been holding itself to a very strict standard indeed when it wrote that "several important places were not canvassed." Table B Distribution of the Michigan Population in 1900 and Canvassed Transportation Workers in 1895 by County Proportion Proportion County of Total of Population Population Canvassed Alcona .002 -- Alger .002 -- Allegan .016 .010 Alpena .007 .001 Antrim .006 -- Arenac .004 .000 Baraga .001 -- Barry .009 -- Bay .025 .033 Benzie .004 -- Berrien .020 .015 Branch .011 .009 Calhoun .020 .032 Cass .008 .004 Charlevoix .005 .002 Cheboygan .006 .001 Chippewa .008 .002 Clare .003 -- Clinton .010 .003 Crawford .001 -- Delta .009 -- Dickinson .007 .004 Eaton .013 .004 Emmet .006 .009 Genesee .017 .017 Gladwin .002 -- Gogebic .006 -- Grand Traverse .008 .007 Gratiot .012 .010 Hillsdale .012 .001 Houghton .027 .006 Huron .014 -- Ingham .016 .019 Ionia .014 .007 Iosco .004 .000 Iron .003 -- Isabella .009 .007 Isle Royal .000 -- Jackson .019 .021 Kalamazoo .018 -- Kalkaska .002 -- Kent .053 .052 Keweenaw .001 -- Lake .002 -- Lapeer .011 .002 Leelanaw .004 -- Lenawee .019 .006 Livingston .008 .000 Luce .001 .000 Mackinac .003 .000 Macomb .013 .001 Manistee .011 .009 Manitou .000 -- Marquette .017 .010 Mason .007 .003 Mecosta .008 .004 Menominee .011 .002 Midland .005 .001 Missaukee .003 -- Monroe .013 .007 Montcalm .013 .006 Montmorency .001 -- Muskegon .015 .011 Newaygo .007 -- Oakland .018 .003 Oceana .006 -- Ogemaw .003 -- Ontonagon .002 -- Osceola .007 .001 Oscoda .000 -- Ostega .002 -- Ottawa .016 .007 Presque Isle .003 -- Roscommon .000 -- Saginaw .033 .022 St. Clair .022 .015 St. Joseph .009 .007 Sanilac .014 -- Schoolcraft .003 -- Shiawassee .013 .028 Tuscola .014 .004 Van Buren .013 .014 Wayne .144 .120 Wexford .006 .011 Washtenaw .019 .023 Total 1.000 1.000 The Historical Labor Statistics Project has transformed these data into machine-readable form using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 lists the questions asked in the survey and the variable names assigned to each response. Tables 2 through 29 present descriptive statistics on the values and distributions of responses to the questions asked, including, where necessary, the numeric codes used in entering the data into the computer. Since version 2.0, some of the variable names and most of variable codes have been changed. Some data errors in several variables have been corrected. HMDEBT has been re-entered. Variables SICK, NOWORK and OTHER have been dropped from current version. ECPCT1 has been split into EARDEC1 and EARINC1. ECPCT2 has been split into EARDEC2 and EARINC2. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 1,250 owners of hacks, drays, buses, etc. who drive their own teams in Michigan in 1895 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 NOTES [1] Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Thirteenth Annual Report for the year Ending February 1, 1896. Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., State Printers and Binders, 1896. [2] Ibid., p. 161. [3] Ibid., pp. 214-27. [4] Computed from values presented in ibid., pp. 214-27. [5] Computed from published returns of the federal census. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Name Decription PAGE Page Number of the Published Response ID Case Number SUB_ID Case Number Assigned by the Michigan Bureau RES Place of Residence AGE Age of Worker POB Nationality MS Marital Status ADULTS Number of Adults in Family? KIDS Number of Children in Family? OWNHBDT Do You Own and Drive a Hack, Bus, Dray or Team? Which? NRIGS Number of Rigs DRAYS If Drays, are They Double or Single? EARDAY Average Earnings Per Day for each Rig? HOURS Average Hours of Work Daily? EARCHG1 Has there Been an Increase or Decrease in Earnings the Past Year? EARDEC1 What Percent have Earnings been Reduced in the Past Year? EARINC1 What Percent have Earnings been Increased in the Past Year? EARCHG2 Are You Earning more or less than Two Years Ago? EARDEC2 What Percent have Earnings been Reduced in the Past Two Year? EARINC2 What Percent have Earnings been Increased in the Past Two Year? DLOST Days Time Lost in Past Year for each Rig? WHY Cause of Lost Time TOTEAR Amount Earned in Past Year? SAVINGS Amount Saved in Past Year? BETTER1 Are Times Better or Worse than One Year Ago? BETTER2 Are Times Better or Worse than Two Years Ago? OWNHM Do You Own a Home? INCUMB Is It Clear from Incumbrance? HMDEBT If not Clear, is Debt On Contract or Mortgage? DEBT Amount of Debt? MORTINTR Rate of Interest on Debt? PAYDUE Do You Meet the Payments? INSFIRE Is It Insured against Fire? RENT If Renting, How Much is Rent Per Month? COLCHG1 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Year? COLCHG2 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Two Years? MORE Do You Earn more than Enough to Pay Expenses and Support Your Family? INSLIFE Do You Have Life Insurance? INSACC Do You Have Accidental Insurance? IMMINJUR Does Foreign Immigration Injure Your Occupation? RESIMM Are You in Favor of Restricting Foreign Immigration? Table 2 Place of Residence [RES] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency 1 Adrian 17 3 Albion 25 4 Allegan 14 5 Alma 6 6 Alpena 4 7 Ann Arbor 33 8 Bangor 8 9 Battlecreek 31 10 Bay City 38 11 Benton Harbor 15 12 Big Rapids 14 13 Cadillac 21 14 Caro 7 15 Charlotte 14 16 Clio 3 17 Coldwater 8 18 Coleman 2 19 Corunna 12 20 Cheboyan 3 21 Charlevoix 7 22 Cleboygan 2 23 Detroit 63 24 Dexter 1 25 Dowagiae 14 26 Dundee 1 27 Essexville 3 28 East Tawas 3 29 Fenton 4 30 Ferrysburg 1 31 Flint 28 32 Greenville 11 33 Grand Haven 4 34 Grand Rapids 54 35 Hancock 11 36 Hartford 7 37 Hillsdale 4 38 Holland 13 39 Holly 2 40 Homer 8 41 Houghton 8 42 Howard City 9 43 Howell 1 44 Hudson 2 45 Imlay City 2 46 Ionia 14 47 Iron Mountain 14 48 Ishpeming 13 49 Ithaca 13 50 Jackson 43 51 Lansing 35 52 Lepeer 5 53 Ludington 12 54 Lawrence 2 55 Lawton 9 56 Manistee 19 57 Marquette 11 58 Mason 1 59 Marshall 28 60 Menominee 9 61 Merrill 1 62 Midland 3 63 Milan 1 64 Milford 3 65 Monroe 23 66 Mt. Clemens 4 67 Mt. Pleasant 22 68 Muskegon 20 69 Negaunee 10 70 Newberry 3 71 Niles 26 72 Northville 3 73 Otsego 7 74 Owosso 36 75 Oxford 2 76 Paw Paw 10 77 Peterburg 1 78 Petoskey 29 79 Pinconning 1 80 Plainwell 12 81 Pontiac 3 82 Port Huron 23 83 Quincy 10 84 Reed City 5 85 Richmond 1 86 Romeo 2 87 Saginaw 41 88 St. Charles 2 89 St. Clair 5 90 St. Ignace 3 91 St. Johns 11 92 St. Joseph 8 93 Au Sable 14 94 Frankenlust 8 95 Kalamazoo 2 96 Lenox 9 97 Oscoda 2 98 Otisco 21 99 Traverse City 24 100 Sault St. Marie 11 101 South Haven 7 102 South Lyons 31 103 Spring Lake 3 104 Three Rivers 1 105 Traverse City 20 Total 1,250 Table 3 Age of Workers [AGE] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Age Frequency 17 - 20 years old 10 21 - 25 64 26 - 30 143 31 - 35 190 36 - 40 191 41 - 45 188 46 - 50 177 51 - 55 114 56 - 60 84 61 - 65 49 66 - 70 25 71 - 77 15 Total 1,250 Table 4 Nationality [POB] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency 1 America 890 5 Belgium 1 6 Bohemia 2 16 Norway 6 20 Sweden 12 21 Switzerland 3 33 Netherlands 1 37 Other 17 50 Canada 86 70 England 39 71 Scotland 13 73 Ireland 59 76 France 28 78 Holland 11 79 Germany 82 Total 1,250 Table 5 Marital Status [MS] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 2 1 Single 174 2 Married 1,061 3 Widowed 13 Total 1,250 Table 6 Number of Adults and Children in Family Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Number Adults Children or code [ADULTS] [KIDS] -9(No response) 166 395 1 person 17 203 2 959 253 3 55 169 4 35 119 5 11 62 6 5 21 7 0 16 8 2 4 9 0 4 10 0 2 11 0 1 13 0 1 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 7 Do You Own a Hack, Bus, Dray, or Team? Which? [OWNHBDT] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency 1 Hack 100 2 Bus 24 3 Dray 506 4 Team 435 5 Other 185 Total 1,250 Table 8 Number of Rigs [NRIGS] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Number or code Frequency -9(No response) 2 1 rig 1,003 2 124 3 41 4 10 5 19 6 13 7 6 8 7 9 2 10 7 11 2 12 2 13 3 14 2 15 4 17 1 20 1 25 1 Total 1,250 Table 9 If Drays Are They Single or Double? [DRAYS] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 739 1 Single 258 2 Double 252 3 Both 1 Total 1,250 Table 10 Average Earnings Per Day For Each Rig [EARDAY] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -8("Refused to Answer") 7 $0.35 - 1.00 210 1.01 - 2.00 590 2.01 - 3.00 377 3.01 - 4.00 65 4.01 - 4.50 1 Total 1,250 Table 11 Average Hours of Work Daily [HOURS] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Hours or code Frequency -9(No Response) 27 1 - 2 hours 2 3 - 4 1 5 - 6 5 7 - 8 46 9 - 10 894 11 - 12 208 13 - 14 39 15 - 16 24 17 - 19 4 Total 1,250 Table 12 Have Earnings Increased or Decreased in the Past Year and Past Two Years? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Past Year Past Two Years [EARCHG1] [EARCHG2] -9 No response 32 58 1 Decrease 621 807 2 Increase 133 117 3 Same 464 268 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 13 What Percent have Earnings been Reduced in the Past One and Two Years? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Percent In past year In past two years or code [EARDEC1] [EARDEC2] -9(No response) 32 58 -8(Decrease, no amount given) 66 86 -6(No change or same) 464 268 -5(Increased) 133 117 1 - 5 % 23 14 6 - 10 148 136 11 - 15 54 86 16 - 20 95 143 21 - 25 114 162 26 - 30 17 24 31 - 35 22 27 36 - 40 12 25 41 - 45 0 0 46 - 50 65 93 51 - 100 5 11 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 14 What Percent have Earnings been Increased in the Past One and Two Years? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Percent In past year In past two years or code [EARINC1] [EARINC2] -9(No response) 32 58 -7(Increase, no amount given) 17 9 -6(No change or same) 464 268 -5(Reduced) 621 807 1 - 5 % 13 9 6 - 10 52 29 11 - 15 19 21 16 - 20 14 18 21 - 25 14 14 26 - 100 4 17 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 15 Days Time Lost in Past Year for Each Rig [DLOST] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Days or code Frequency -8("None") 556 1 - 25 days 194 26 - 50 156 51 - 75 92 76 - 100 124 101 - 125 38 126 - 150 34 151 - 175 29 176 - 200 14 201 - 293 13 Total 1,250 Table 16 Cause of Lost Time [WHY] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -8 No time lost 556 2 Accident 3 3 Visiting 1 23 Lack of Work 402 61 Bad weather 31 62 Other business 3 63 Bad Weather and Slack Work 1 64 Bad Weather and Sickness 1 65 Bad weather and lack of work 2 77 Pleasure and sickness 2 81 Lack of work and sickness 37 88 Lack of Work and Bad Weather 1 93 Lack of Work and Pleasure 3 128 Sickness 163 129 Other work 15 130 Pleasure 15 131 Vacation 14 Total 1,250 Table 17 Amount Earned in Past Year? [TOTEAR] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 7 $40.00 - 200.00 54 200.01 - 400.00 239 400.01 - 600.00 328 600.01 - 800.00 289 800.01 - 1,000.00 99 1,000.01 - 1,200.00 49 1,200.01 - 1,400.00 29 1,400.01 - 1,600.00 27 1,600.01 - 1,800 00 17 1,800.01 - 2,000.00 20 2,000.01 - 8,213.00 92 Total 1,250 Table 18 Amount Saved in Past Year? [SAVINGS] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -9(No Response) 24 -8("None") 748 $1.00 - 100.00 174 100.01 - 200.00 159 200.01 - 300.00 75 300.01 - 400.00 28 400.01 - 500.00 22 500.01 - 2,000.00 20 Total 1,250 Table 19 Are Times Better or Worse Than One Year Ago and Two Years Ago? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response One year ago Two years ago [BETTER1] [BETTER2] -9 No Response 21 30 1 Worse 722 875 2 Better 199 173 3 Same 308 172 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 20 Do You Own a Home? Is It Clear From Incumbrance? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Own home No Incumbrance [OWNHM] [INCUMB] -9 No Response 14 512 1 No 481 291 2 Yes 755 447 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 21 If Not Clear, Is Debt On Contract Or Mortgage? [HMDEBT] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 978 1 Contract 88 2 Mortgage 184 Total 1,250 Table 22 Amount of Debt? [DEBT] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Debt or code Frequency -9(No Response) 973 $30.00 - 100.00 38 100.01 - 200.00 64 200.01 - 300.00 49 300.01 - 400.00 37 400.01 - 500.00 31 500.01 - 600.00 11 600.01 - 700.00 19 700.01 - 800.00 9 800.01 - 900 00 4 900.01 - 1,000.00 6 1,000.01 - 3,000.00 9 Total 1,250 Table 23 Amount of Interest on Debt? [MORTINTR] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Rate or code Frequency -9(No Response) 987 4.00 % 1 5.00 3 6.00 53 7.00 133 8.00 68 10.00 4 14.00 1 Total 1,250 Table 24 Do You Meet the Payments and Is It Insured Against Fire? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Meet payments Fire Insurance [PAYDUE] [INSFIRE] -9 No Response 975 535 1 No 28 126 2 Yes 247 589 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 26 If Renting, How Much Is Rent Per Month? [RENT] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Rent or code Frequency -9(No Response) 876 $1.00 - 5.00 105 5.01 - 10.00 237 10.01 - 15.00 20 15.01 - 20.00 8 20.01 - 25.00 4 Total 1,250 Table 26 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Year and Past Two Years? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response In past year In past two years [COLCHG1] [COLCHG2] -9 No response 34 47 1 Decreased 139 200 2 Increased 429 412 3 No Change/Same 648 591 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 27 Do You Earn More Than Enough To Pay Expenses and Support Your Family? [MORE] Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 39 1 No 700 2 Yes 511 Total 1,250 Table 28 Do You Have Life Insurance and Accidental Insurance? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Life Accidental [INSLIFE] [INSACC] -9 No response 149 331 1 No 645 843 2 Yes 456 76 Total 1,250 1,250 Table 29 Does Foreign Immigration Injure Your Occupation and Are You in Favor of Restricting Foreign Immigration? Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive Their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895 Frequency Injures In favor of Code Response occupation restriction [IMMINJUR] [RESIMM] -9 No response 62 18 1 No 453 97 2 Yes 735 1,135 Total 1,250 1,250