CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 1,950 EMPLOYEES OF HACK AND BUS LINES IN MICHIGAN, 1895 REPORTED IN THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MICHIGAN BUREAU OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS Version 2.1 July 3, 1993 Susan B. Carter Thomas Kelly Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Thomas Kelly, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines in Michigan, 1895; Reported in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 1,950 EMPLOYEES OF HACK AND BUS LINES IN MICHIGAN, 1895 This Codebook reports the responses of 1,950 employees of hack and bus lines in Michigan in 1895. These responses were collected as part of a survey of 3,127 wage-earners in the industry conducted by the State's Bureau of Industrial and Labor Statistics. This survey was one of three canvasses of street railways and their employees conducted by the Bureau in that year. [1] These surveys, in turn, comprised one of a series of eight industry-wide surveys, initiated in 1888, in which the aim was, insofar as possible, to contact the entire population of workers in that industry. [2] Special agents of the Bureau took specially prepared forms around to work places across the State. They interviewed workers and recorded their responses. [3] Not all of the 3,127 interviews with employees of hack and bus lines were actually published. The Bureau claimed to have published 2,000 responses. The Report actually contains the responses of 1,950 employees. The Bureau justified its omission of approximately one-third of the responses with the remark that 2,000 responses were "...deemed sufficient for a complete verification of the work." [4] It did, nonetheless, publish selected summary statistics based on the responses of all 3,127 persons canvassed. [5] These are presented below in Table A, together with comparable summary statistics calculated from the 1,950 published responses. The table shows that the fraction of workers who were native born, the fraction married, and the fraction who were home owners were virtually identical in the total canvass and in the published portion of the canvass. The fraction of workers who reported some savings was slightly higher among those whose detailed responses were published (6.2 verses 4.6 percent). However reported indebtedness and inability to meet payments was slightly higher as well (6.2 verses 4.6 percent). The average daily wage and the amount earned the past year were also quite similar. All in all, the Bureau's claim that the published responses fairly represent all responses seems justified. Table A Responses All Workers Whose Question Canvassed Responses Were Workers [6] Reported [7] American 61.7% 66.9% Married 55.0% 53.4% Own home 19.8% 20.9% Saved Money in Past Year 4.6% 6.2% In Debt & Cannot Meet Payments 4.6% 6.2% Average Daily Wage $1.35 $1.28 Average Amount Earned $387.35 $374.77 The Bureau intended to collect information in all parts of the State, "especially in the cities and larger towns." However it noted that the "failure of some of those who were selected as canvassers" meant that "several important places were not canvassed." The Bureau did not give the names of these places. To determine the nature of places omitted from the canvassing we compared the distribution of canvassed workers across counties with that of the population in the federal census of 1900. The geographic distribution of the population is expected to be a reasonably good proxy for the geographic distribution of short-haul transportation workers. To the extent to which distribution is concentrated in larger places, however, population would tend to indicate more workers in small places and fewer in large places than was in fact the case. The distribution of population and of surveyed bus and hack line employees by county are presented in Table B below. The comparison reveals that all counties completely omitted from the canvass had small populations. None accounted for as much as one percent of the state population in 1900. The two counties with five percent or more of the state population, Kent and Wayne, do account for a larger share of canvassed workers than of state population. Some of the difference may simply reflect a concentration of transportation of workers in urban places. Only Kent County shows a share of canvassed workers that is disproportionately large. This exception aside, the distribution of surveyed workers across counties is reasonably close to that of the population. The Michigan Bureau must have been holding itself to very strict standards indeed when it wrote, "several important places were not canvassed." Table B Distribution of the Michigan Population in 1900 and Canvassed Transportation Workers in 1895 by County Proportion Proportion County of Total of Population Population Canvassed Alcona .002 -- Alger .002 -- Allegan .016 .008 Alpena .007 .001 Antrim .006 -- Arenac .004 -- Baraga .001 -- Barry .009 -- Bay .025 .108 Benzie .004 -- Berrien .020 .023 Branch .011 .007 Calhoun .020 .037 Cass .008 .005 Charlevoix .005 .000 Cheboygan .006 .000 Chippewa .008 .011 Clare .003 -- Clinton .010 .004 Crawford .001 -- Delta .009 -- Dickinson .007 -- Eaton .013 .003 Emmet .006 .011 Genesee .017 .007 Gladwin .002 -- Gogebic .006 -- Grand Traverse .008 .015 Gratiot .012 .007 Hillsdale .012 .001 Houghton .027 .000 Huron .014 -- Ingham .016 .015 Ionia .014 .005 Iosco .004 .002 Iron .003 -- Isabella .009 .004 Isle Royal .000 -- Jackson .019 .029 Kalamazoo .018 .007 Kalkaska .002 -- Kent .053 .176 Keweenaw .001 -- Lake .002 -- Lapeer .011 .003 Leelanaw .004 -- Lenawee .019 .012 Livingston .008 .001 Luce .001 .000 Mackinac .003 .001 Macomb .013 .005 Manistee .011 .009 Manitou .000 -- Marquette .017 .039 Mason .007 .006 Mecosta .008 .007 Menominee .011 .007 Midland .005 .000 Missaukee .003 -- Monroe .013 .019 Montcalm .013 .002 Montmorency .001 -- Muskegon .015 .028 Newaygo .007 -- Oakland .018 .005 Oceana .006 -- Ogemaw .003 -- Ontonagon .002 -- Osceola .007 -- Oscoda .000 -- Ostega .002 -- Ottawa .016 .014 Presque Isle .003 -- Roscommon .000 -- Saginaw .033 .036 St. Clair .022 .033 St. Joseph .009 .001 Sanilac .014 -- Schoolcraft .003 -- Shiawassee .013 .021 Tuscola .014 .003 Van Buren .013 .007 Wayne .144 .195 Wexford .006 .013 Washtenaw .019 .022 Total 1.000 1.000 The Historical Labor Statistics Project has transformed these data into machine-readable form using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 lists the questions asked in the survey and the variable names assigned to each response. Tables 2 through 26 present descriptive statistics on the values and distributions of responses to the questions asked including, where necessary, the numeric codes used in entering the data into the computer. Since version 2.0, some of the variable names and most of variable codes have been changed. Some data errors in several variables have been corrected. Variables SICK, NOWORK and OTHER have been dropped from current version. PCTCHG1 has been split into WGDEC1 and WGINC1. PCTCHG2 has been split into WGDEC2 and WGINC2. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 1,950 employees of hack and bus lines in Michigan in 1895 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 Notes [1] Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Thirteenth Annual Report for the year Ending February 1, 1896. Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., State Printers and Binders, 1896. [2] The Historical Labor Statistics Project has coded and documented data from eight other surveys in this series. See: Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 5,419 Workers in the Furniture Industry of Michigan, 1889: Reported in the Seventh Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 934 Farm Proprietors in Michigan, 1894; Reported in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 5,600 Farm Laborers in Michigan, 1894; Reported in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 2,300 Female Domestics in Michigan Agriculture in Michigan, 1894; Reported in the Twelfth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Thomas Kelly, Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,250 Owners of Hacks, Drays, Buses, Etc., Who Drive their Own Teams in Michigan, 1895; Reported in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 1,200 Employees of Street Railways in Michigan, 1895; Reported in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 719 Wage Laborers Employed in the Stone and Clay Industry of Michigan, 1888: Reported in the Sixth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1991; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of Agricultural Implements and Iron Workers in Detroit, Michigan, 1890: Reported in the Eighth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1992; Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Hongcheng Zhao, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 4,870 Agricultural Implements and Iron Workers in Michigan Outside of Detroit, 1890: Reported in the Eighth Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1992. Data from yet another survey is currently being prepared. See, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch and Samuel H. Williamson, Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of Railroad Workers in Michigan, 1893: Reported in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Statistics of Labor and Industries. University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Business and Economic Research, forthcoming, 1992. [3] For a description of the data collection procedure employed by the Michigan Bureau see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, "Selected State Labor Bureau Worker Surveys: Data Collection Methods and Summary Statistics," University of California Historical Labor Statistics Project, Working Paper 4. Institute of Business and Economic Research, University of California, Berkeley, October 1991. [4] Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Thirteenth Annual Report for the year Ending February 1, 1896. Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., State Printers and Binders, 1896, p. 67. [5] Ibid., pp. 146-60. [6] Computed from values presented in ibid., pp. 146-60. [7] Computed from published returns. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents A Survey of Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Name Description PAGE Page Number ID Case Number SUB_ID Case Number Assigned by the Michigan Bureau RES Residence, City, or Village AGE Age of Worker POB Nationality MS Marital Status ADULTS Number of Adults in Family KIDS Number of Children in Family OCC Nature of Your Work WAGEDAY Wages Per Day PERIOD How Often are You Paid? WGCHG1 Have Wages Increased or Decreased over the Past Year? WGDEC1 What Percent have Wages been Reduced in the Past Year? WGINC1 What Percent have Wages been Increased in the Past Year? WGCHG2 Have Wages Increased or Decreased over the Past Two Years? WGDEC2 What Percent have Wages been Reduced in the Past Two Year? WGINC2 What Percent have Wages been Increased in the Past Two Year? DLOST Number of Days Lost in the Past Year? WHY Cause for Lost Time TOTEAR Amount Earned in the Past Year SAVINGS Amount Saved in the Past Year OWNHM Do You Own a Home? INCUMB Is It Clear from Incumbrance? HMDEBT If not Clear, is Debt on Contract or Mortgage? DEBT Amount of Debt MORTINTR Rate of Interest on Debt PAYDUE Do You Meet the Payments? INSFIRE Is It Insured against Fire? RENT If Renting, How Much is Rent Per Month? COLCHG1 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Year? COLCHG2 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Two Years? MORE Can You Earn more than Enough to Support your Family? INSLIFE Do You have Life Insurance? INSACC Do You have Accidental Insurance? Table 2 Residence, City or Village [RES] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency 1 Adrian 30 3 Albion 36 4 Allegan 18 5 Alma 5 6 Alpena 4 7 Ann Arbor 60 8 Bangor 2 9 Battlecreek 46 10 Bay City 87 11 Benton Harbor 39 12 Big Rapids 24 13 Cadillac 42 14 Caro 6 15 Charlotte 12 17 Coldwater 12 18 Coleman 1 19 Corunna 4 21 Charlevoix 2 22 Cleboygan 2 23 Detroit 147 25 Dowagiae 18 26 Dundee 2 27 Essexville 16 28 East Tawas 2 29 Fenton 4 30 Ferrysburg 1 31 Flint 21 32 Greenville 7 33 Grand Haven 27 34 Grand Rapids 162 35 Hancock 3 36 Hartford 4 37 Hillsdale 5 38 Holland 12 39 Holly 2 40 Homer 3 42 Howard City 1 43 Howell 4 44 Hudson 2 45 Imlay City 4 46 Ionia 16 48 Ishpeming 66 49 Ithaca 11 50 Jackson 82 51 Lansing 48 52 Lepeer 6 53 Ludington 21 54 Lawrence 1 55 Lawton 4 56 Manistee 29 57 Marquette 7 59 Marshall 32 60 Menominee 23 62 Midland 1 64 Milford 3 65 Monroe 46 66 Mt. Clemens 12 67 Mt. Pleasant 14 68 Muskegon 80 69 Negaunee 39 70 Newberry 3 71 Niles 27 72 Northville 2 73 Otsego 2 74 Owosso 51 75 Oxford 2 76 Paw Paw 7 78 Petoskey 36 80 Plainwell 6 81 Pontiac 8 82 Port Huron 52 83 Quincy 3 85 Richmond 2 86 Romeo 2 87 Saginaw 87 89 St. Clair 2 90 St. Ignace 4 91 St. Johns 13 92 St. Joseph 6 93 Au Sable 3 94 Frankenlust 5 95 Kalamazoo 23 96 Lenox 1 97 Oscoda 2 98 Otisco 11 100 Sault St. Marie 35 101 South Haven 6 102 South Lyons 1 103 Spring Lake 5 104 Three Rivers 6 105 Traverse City 47 106 Union City 7 107 Vassar 5 108 West Bay City 48 109 Ypsilanti 10 Total 1,950 Table 3 Age [AGE] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Age or code Frequency -9(No response) 1 14 - 15 years old 8 16 - 20 246 21 - 25 410 26 - 30 396 31 - 35 315 36 - 40 259 41 - 45 148 46 - 50 89 51 - 55 36 56 - 60 22 61 - 65 8 66 - 70 6 71 - 84 6 Total 1,950 Table 4 Nationality [POB] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 2 1 America 1,304 6 Bohemian 2 8 Denmark 19 10 Finland 2 15 Italy 1 16 Norway 18 17 Poland 3 20 Sweden 50 21 Switzerland 1 33 Netherlands 1 37 Other 2 50 Canada 139 70 England 45 71 Scotland 18 73 Ireland 71 76 France 38 78 Holland 42 79 German 180 80 African 12 Total 1,950 Table 5 Marital Status [MS] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 1 1 Single 888 2 Married 1,042 3 Widowed 19 Total 1,950 Table 6 Number of Adults and Number of Children in Family Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Number Adults Children or code [ADULTS] [KIDS] -9(No response) 877 1,136 1 person 21 274 2 1,019 236 3 21 150 4 8 70 5 0 47 6 2 27 7 1 7 8 1 1 9 0 2 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 7 Nature of Your Work [OCC] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency 1 Teaming 655 2 Driving 435 3 Delivering 436 4 Draying 112 5 Barn work 97 6 Hackman 89 7 Trucking 36 8 Liveryman 48 10 Grooms 14 11 Foreman 4 12 Transferring 3 13 Hostlers 5 14 Washers 2 15 Superintendents 1 16 Collectors 2 17 Bookkeepers 1 18 Watchman 1 19 Veterinary surgeon 1 20 Barn foreman 8 Total 1,950 Table 8 Wages per Day [WAGEDAY] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Wages or code Frequency -9(No response) 1 $0.25 - 0.50 48 0.51 - 1.00 504 1.01 - 1.50 1,060 1.51 - 2.00 294 2.01 - 2.50 35 2.51 - 3.00 4 3.01 - 3.50 2 3.51 - 7.00 2 Total 1,950 Table 9 How Often Are You Paid? [PERIOD] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 24 1 On demand 54 2 Daily 10 3 Weekly 1,236 5 One month 450 12 Semi-monthly 171 13 Once in ten days 5 Total 1,950 Table 10 Have Wages Increased or Decreased in the Past Year and Past Two Years? A Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Past Year Past Two Years [WGCHG1] [WGCHG2] -9 No response 34 184 1 Decreased 183 562 2 Increased 167 167 3 No / no change 1,566 1,037 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 11 What Percent have Wages been Reduced in the Past One and Two Years? Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Percent In past year In past two years or code [WGDEC1] [WGDEC2] -9(No response) 34 184 -8(Decrease, no amount given) 13 62 -6(No change or same) 1,566 1,037 -5(Increased) 167 167 1 - 5 % 14 40 6 - 10 74 196 11 - 15 25 86 16 - 20 30 91 21 - 25 19 55 26 - 30 2 12 31 - 75 6 20 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 12 What Percent have Wages been Increased in the Past One and Two Years? Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Percent In past year In past two years or code [WGINC1] [WGINC2] -9(No response) 34 184 -7(Increase, no amount given) 15 76 -6(No change or same) 1,566 1,037 -5(Reduced) 183 500 1 - 5 % 16 12 6 - 10 65 56 11 - 15 23 27 16 - 20 32 29 21 - 25 6 15 26 - 30 3 2 31 - 50 7 12 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 13 Number of Days Lost in the Past Year? [DLOST] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Days or code Frequency -9(No response) 17 -8("None") 995 1 - 20 days 325 21 - 40 164 41 - 60 143 61 - 80 35 81 - 100 113 101 - 120 48 121 - 140 26 141 - 160 48 161 - 287 36 Total 1,950 Table 14 Cause For Lost Time Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 32 -8 None 944 2 Accident 11 8 Laid off 1 12 Other work 1 13 School 9 17 Sickness and vacation 3 33 No work 489 61 Bad weather 9 62 Other business 8 65 Bad weather and lack of work 1 69 Resting/rest 1 77 Pleasure and sickness 4 81 Lack of work and sickness 26 101 Funeral 1 128 Sickness 253 129 Other Work 18 130 Pleasure 38 131 Vacation 44 134 Visiting 1 135 Business 1 136 Lack of work and vacation 1 137 Other business and sickness 4 Total 1,950 Table 15 Amount Earned in Past Year [TOTEAR] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 7 $40.00 - 50.00 2 50.01 - 100.00 20 100.01 - 150.00 44 150.01 - 200.00 97 200.01 - 250.00 145 250.01 - 300.00 192 300.01 - 350.00 291 350.01 - 400.00 413 400.01 - 450.00 201 450.01 - 500.00 288 500.01 - 550.00 125 550.01 - 600.00 53 600.01 - 650.00 40 650.01 - 700.00 7 700.01 - 1,040.00 25 Total 1,950 Table 16 Amount Saved in Past Year [SAVINGS] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 71 -8("None") 1,310 $10.00 - 50.00 177 50.01 - 100.00 236 100.01 - 150.00 75 150.01 - 200.00 63 200.01 - 250.00 11 250.01 - 300.00 7 Total 1,950 Table 17 Do You Own a Home and Is It Clear From Incumbrance? Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Ownership No Incumbrance [OWNHM] [INCUMB] -9 No response 109 1,547 1 No 1,434 193 2 Yes 407 210 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 18 If Not Clear, Is Debt on Contract or Mortgage? [HMDEBT] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,770 1 Debt 63 2 Mortgage 117 Total 1,950 Table 19 Amount of Debt [DEBT] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,778 $50.00 - 100.00 22 100.01 - 500.00 109 500.01 - 1,000.00 39 1,000.01 - 1,500.00 2 Total 1,950 Table 20 Rate of Interest on Debt [MORTINTR] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Rate or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,775 4.00 % 1 5.00 4 6.00 28 7.00 96 8.00 42 10.00 4 Total 1,950 Table 21 Do You Meet the Payments? [PAYDUE] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 1,777 1 No 12 2 Yes 161 Total 1,950 Table 22 Is It Insured Against Fire? [INSFIRE] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No answer 1,564 1 No 66 2 Yes 320 Total 1,950 Table 23 If Renting, How Much Is Rent Per Month? [RENT] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Rent or code Frequency -9(No response) 882 -8(Own home) 405 $1.00 - 2.00 6 2.01 - 3.00 19 3.01 - 4.00 82 4.01 - 5.00 139 5.01 - 6.00 148 6.01 - 7.00 90 7.01 - 8.00 112 8.01 - 9.00 19 9.01 - 10.00 34 10.01 - 25.00 14 Total 1,950 Table 24 Has the Cost of Living Increased or Decreased in the Past Year? Two Years? Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Past Year Past Two Years [COLCHG1] [COLCHG2] -9 No response 221 250 1 Decreased 118 204 2 Increased 401 382 3 No change 1,210 1,114 Total 1,950 1,950 Table 25 Can You Earn More Than Enough to Support Your Family? [MORE] Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 258 1 No 1,086 2 Yes 606 Total 1,950 Table 26 Do You Have Life Insurance? Accidental Insurance? Survey of 1,950 Employees of Hack and Bus Lines In Michigan, 1895 Frequency Code Response Past Year Past Two Years [INSLIFE] [INSACC] -9 No response 237 450 1 No 1,140 1,350 2 Yes 573 149 Total 1,950 1,950