CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 6,051 MALE RAILWAY EMPLOYEES IN MICHIGAN, 1893 REPORTED IN THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MICHIGAN BUREAU OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS Version 1.1 June 13, 1993 Susan B. Carter Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Samuel H. Williamson Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, The Miami University of Ohio, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, Samuel H. Williamson, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: A Survey of 6,051 Male Railway Employees in Michigan, 1893; Reported in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 6,051 MALE RAILWAY EMPLOYEES IN MICHIGAN, 1893 The survey of 6,051 male railway employees was conducted by the State's Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics in 1893 and published in its Eleventh Annual Report. [1] It was one of a series of industry-specific worker surveys conducted by the Bureau. The Bureau justified its focus on individual industries by noting: "It was deemed of more value to make a canvass of a few industries and do the work thoroughly and systematically than to spread the work over many occupations and only obtain partial reports." [2] Eight separate industry groups were eventually canvassed. The Bureau prepared a questionnaire designed to elicit information on a variety of topics including employment, earnings and expenditures, family circumstances, asset ownership, and membership in labor and fraternal organizations. The Bureau also requested information on health and accidents. The survey was carried out by special agents of the Bureau between June 1 and August 1, 1893. The Report emphasizes that the survey period preceded the serious depression of 1893-94. It is desired again to call the attention of the reader to the fact that this canvass was practically complete before the sweeping reductions took place in the pay and number of men employed by nearly every railroad company in Michigan. [3] Over ten thousand workers were canvassed and the reports of 9,226 tabulated. Reports of railroad companies operating in Michigan in 1893 indicate total employment of 27,956. [4] The published report contains the responses of 6,051 employees. The Bureau explained its failure to publish all of the responses it received in the following way: The first and foremost reason for this elimination is a lack of space. The Bureau had already decided, that the length of the report for 1894 should not exceed six hundred pages. A little calculation showed that the tables for ten thousand men would occupy the whole space allotted, leaving no room for the other subjects which have been touched upon in this report and which thrust themselves upon the attention of this Bureau in a manner not to be disregarded. In fact when the returns of the railway employes began to come in, the several other departments had already been arranged for and it was desirable that the whole ground should be covered. Then again, the several classes of employes were not proportionately represented in the canvass and in order to grade them down to a proper basis, it was necessary to sacrifice much. This proportionate inequality of the several classes of men is explained by the fact that canvassers were paid by the piece and naturally they canvassed those nearest at hand and easiest of access. It was with a heavy heart that the manipulator of the blue pencil accomplished his task of striking out the matter necessary to shrink the tables 40%. The remainder is offered as an earnest, honest attempt to show the actual condition of railway men in Michigan between the dates of June 1 and August 1, 1893. The original schedules as well as the tabulated results for the whole number of men can be found on file at the Labor Bureau, should there be any question as to the correctness of the figures; and in any case of doubt the Bureau invites inspection of originals. Neither fear or favor has influenced this Bureau or its agents in the collection and compilation of these figures. And there is every reason to believe that the men, from whom replies were obtained, have been equally honest and anxious to reflect their true condition, and to assist in making the work reliable. [5] The "manipulator of the blue pencil" seems to have been more than earnest. He had quite an eye for representativeness as well. When we compare key summary statistics calculated by us from the 6,051 published returns with those calculated by the Bureau from the 9,226 tabulated returns we find remarkably few differences. [6] 9,226 6,051 Tabulated Published Percent Native-born 59.9% 60.5% Percent Married 62.7% 63.1% Total Earnings $587.0 $587.0 Percent with Savings 35.2% 35.2% Average Amount Saved by those with Savings $168.0 $170.0 Percent Homeowners 31.0% 32.7% The Bureau also commented on the cooperative attitude of the employees, officers of employee organizations and railway officials. This work has been materially assisted by the local lodges of the several organizations of railway employes. Much important information and many of the most valuable suggestions embodied, comes from members of the Orders and Brotherhoods. In no case have they shown lasting opposition to the work, and in very few cases indifference, even. Prompt and cordial co-operation has been the rule, both among the men and the corporations. To the general officers of the Michigan railways this Bureau is indebted to a marked degree. As a rule they have been prompt to respond to the queries put to them in relation to the business of their roads, even when the replies involved no small amount of inconvenience to themselves. Their treatment of the officers of this Bureau has been uniformly courteous and considerate. [7] Beyond this the Bureau simply published the individual responses of workers to questions asked together with some summary statistics for the entire sample. The Historical Labor Statistics Project has transformed these data into machine-readable form using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 provides a list of the questions asked by the Bureau. Subsequent tables in this Codebook give the codes used in entering the data onto the computer, together with some statistics from the sample. Since version 1.0, some of the variable names have been changed. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. The data from this sample of 6,051 railway employees in Michigan in 1893 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 Notes [1] Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Eleventh Annual Report, February 1, 1894. Lansing: Robert Smith & Co., State Printers and Binders, 1894. [2] Michigan Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, Sixth Annual Report, February 1, 1889 [sic]. Lansing: Thorp & Godfrey, State Printers and Binders, 1888, p. vi. [3] Michigan 1894, p. 381. [4] Michigan 1894, pp. 384-5. We show total employment by company along with number of published worker responses by company in Table 4. [5] Ibid., pp. 2-3. [6] Summary statistics from the 9,226 tabulated returns are shown in ibid., pp. 381-3. [7] Ibid., p. 3. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents Survey of 6,051 Male Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Name Description PAGE Page on Which the Survey Results Begin ID Case Number SUB_ID Line Number Assigned by the Michigan Bureau RES Residence OCC Occupation at Present WHEMP Where Employed? POB Nativity AGE Age MS Marital Status ADULTS Number of Adults in Family KIDS Number of Children in Family HRSWIN Hours Per Day in Winter HRSSUM Hours Per Day in Summer MONTHS Months Worked MLOST Months Lost DLOST Days Lost WHY Causes for Lost Time HOURS Average Hours on Duty UWAGE Unit of Wage Level WAGE Wage Level at Regular Time OVERTIME Overtime and Amount if any PERIOD How Often Wage were Paid? REGEAR Total Earnings at Regular Time OVEREAR Total Earnings at Overtime TOTEAR Total Earnings HRSDUTY Number of Hours on Duty before Overtime is Paid? CHGWG1 Changes in Wages during the past Year CHGWG5 Changes in Wages during the past Five Years SAVINGS Savings in the past Year BETTER1 Are Times Better or Worse than One Year Ago? BETTER5 Are Times Better or Worse than Five Years Ago? OWNHM Do You Own your Home? INCUMB Is it Incumbered, if so, how much? MORTINTR Rate of Interest on Incumbrance PAYDUE Do You Meet Payments when Due? CUMFORM Is Incumbrance in Form of Mortgage or Contract? RENT Amount Paid Per Month for Rent CHGCOL1 Changes in Cost of Living during past Year CHGCOL5 Changes in Cost of Living during past Five Years MORE Can You Earn more than Actual Necessities for Yourself and Family? UNION Do You Belong to a Labor Organization, if so, What? HELPWG Does it [Labor Organization] Help to Increase Wages? DTHBEN Does it [Labor Organization] Contain a Death Benefit? SICKBEN Does it [Labor Organization] Contain a Sick Benefit? OINSLIFE Have You other Life Insurance? OINSACC Have You other Accident Insurance? APPRET Are Apprentices Employed in Your Occupation? IMMINJUR Does Immigration Injure Your Occupation? SAVCON Are Conditions Better for Saving Money here than in Your Native Land? LBECON Are Laboring Men more or less Economical here than in Your Native Land? EFFECT Effect of Your Present Occupation on Your Health ACCIDENT What Accidents, if any, have You Met with since You have been Engaged in Your Present Occupation? REMARK General Remarks Table 2 Residence [RES] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4 1 Ada 2 2 Adrian 119 3 Alamo 1 4 Albion 5 5 Alden 2 6 Allegan 23 7 Allen 2 8 Allouez 2 9 AlmaGowen 1 10 Almont 2 11 Alpena 7 12 Amadore 3 13 Ann Arbor 55 14 Armada 4 15 Atlantic Mine 1 16 Au Sable 1 17 Augusta 3 18 Azalia 2 19 Bad Axe 4 20 Bangor 6 21 Bankers 1 22 Baraga 1 23 Battle Creek 294 24 Bay City 122 25 Belleville 3 26 Bellevue 3 27 Benton Harbor 26 28 Bessemer 15 29 Bey City 1 30 Big Rapids 10 31 Birmingham 3 32 Black River 27 33 Blissfield 3 34 Boston 1 35 Boyne Falls 1 36 Brampton 2 37 Breckenridge 1 38 Breedsville 1 39 Bridgeman 2 40 Brighton 2 41 Brooklyn 2 42 Brutus 1 43 Buttersville 27 44 Cadillac 56 45 Calumet 5 46 Capac 4 47 Carney 1 48 Caro 2 49 Carson City 5 50 Casnovia 1 51 Cassopolis 3 52 Cedar Springs 5 53 Centreville 2 54 Ceresco 1 55 Cereso 1 56 Champion 14 57 Charlotte 11 58 Chelsea 4 59 Chesaning 1 60 Chicago 5 61 Chilson 1 62 Chippewa 1 63 Clare 1 64 Clark 2 65 Clarkston 2 66 Clayton 3 67 Clifford 5 68 Climax 9 69 Coloma 1 70 Columbiaville 2 71 Conklin 2 72 Cooke 2 73 Copemish 2 74 Copemsh 1 75 Corey 2 76 Corunna 3 77 Cressy 1 78 Crystal Falls 3 79 Dailey 1 80 Dearborn 10 81 Deerfield 1 82 Delray 15 83 Denton 1 84 Detroit 866 85 Dowagiac 1 86 Duluth 1 87 Dundee 3 88 Durand 1 89 Eagle Mills 11 90 East Lake 44 91 East Leroy 1 92 East Saginaw 3 93 East Tawas 11 94 Eaton Rapids 1 95 Eau Claire 1 96 Eckford 1 97 Ecorse 2 98 Edmore 5 99 Edwardsburg 4 100 Ellsworth 1 101 Emery 1 102 Emmet 2 103 Erie 1 104 Escanaba 9 105 Evart 3 106 Ewen 3 107 Fairland 1 108 Fayette 1 109 Fennville 2 110 Fern 5 111 Ferrysburg 1 112 Filer City 19 113 Fillmore 1 114 Flat Rock 2 115 Flint 1 116 Florence 2 117 Fontiac 3 118 Fort Gratiot 3 119 Fort Wayne 2 120 Fort Gration 5 121 Fosters 3 122 Frankenmuth 1 123 Frankfort 6 124 Fraser 2 125 Fremont 1 126 Genton 1 127 Gladstone 32 128 Grand Blanc 1 129 Grand Haven 32 130 Grand Lake 1 131 Grand Ledge 2 132 Grand Rapids 593 133 Grass Lake 3 134 Greenville 6 135 Greenwood 4 136 Hancock 4 137 Harbor Springs 5 138 Hastings 1 139 Hemlock 1 140 Hillsdale 6 141 Hobart 1 142 Holan 1 143 Holland 90 144 Holton 1 145 Homer 8 146 Houghton 14 147 Howard City 5 148 Howell 3 149 Humboldt 1 150 Humbolt 16 151 Imlay City 1 152 Indian River 1 153 Interlocken 1 154 Ionia 113 155 Iron Bridge 1 156 Iron Mountain 47 157 Ishpeming 95 158 Ithaca 1 159 Jackson 487 160 Jeddo 1 161 Kalamazoo 81 162 Kalkaska 1 163 Kent City 1 164 Kingsley 1 165 La Salle 1 166 Lake Linden 2 167 Lansing 57 168 Lawton 10 169 Lenawee 3 170 Lennon 1 171 Lenox 17 172 Leonidas 3 173 Leroy 1 174 Leslie 1 175 Levering 1 176 Linwood 1 177 Litckfield 1 178 Lowell 2 179 Ludington 95 180 Lyons 5 181 Mancelona 1 182 Manchester 3 183 Manistee 110 184 Manton 4 185 Marcellus 3 186 Marengo 2 187 Marquette 343 188 Marshall 52 189 Martin 1 190 Matamora 2 191 Maybee 5 192 Mayville 1 193 McBains 2 194 Mears 2 195 Mendon 2 196 Metamora 2 197 Michigamme 2 198 Middleton 1 199 Milan 3 200 Minneapolis 1 201 Monorep 1 202 Monroe 23 203 Monteith 2 204 Montreal 1 205 Moorland 1 206 Mt. Clemens 2 207 Mud Lake Jun 3 208 Muliken 1 209 Muskegon 180 210 N. Richmond 1 211 Napoleon 4 212 Nashville 1 213 Negaunee 52 214 New Buffalo 20 215 New Era 1 216 New Haven 3 217 New Lake Jun 1 218 New Richmond 3 219 Newaygo 3 220 Newport 2 221 Niles 25 222 Nirvana 1 223 North Branch 1 224 North Detroit 1 225 Northfield 1 226 Norwood 1 227 Onekema 6 228 Onota 2 229 Opechee 6 230 Orleans 1 231 Osceola 9 232 Ossea 1 233 Ossineke 3 234 Otsego 3 235 Otsego Lake 1 236 Ottawa Lake 1 237 Owendale 1 238 Owosso 116 239 Oxford 2 240 Park Lake 1 241 Parma 1 242 Pellston 2 243 Penn 1 244 Pentwater 2 245 Perry 1 246 Petoskey 5 247 Pigeon 1 248 Plymouth 2 249 Pontiac 27 250 Port Austin 1 251 Port Huron 211 252 Quincy 4 253 Raisin Center 2 254 Randolph 1 255 Reading 3 256 Red Jacket 27 257 Reed City 3 258 Republic 14 259 Richmond 1 260 Rivers Junction 1 261 Riverside 2 262 Riverton 1 263 Rives Junction 6 264 Rockford 1 265 Rodney 3 266 Rogersville 1 267 Rose City 3 268 S'lt Ste. Marie 19 269 Saginaw 437 270 Saginaw E. S. 3 271 Salem 2 272 Sand Beach 3 273 Sand Creek 3 274 Sand Lake 1 275 Sandwich 1 276 Sault St Marie 4 277 Sawyer 2 278 Schoolcraft 4 279 Seney 2 280 Setroit 1 281 Sheridan 2 282 Shults 1 283 Smith's Cross. 1 284 So. Frankfort 1 285 So. Rockwood 1 286 Sodus 2 287 Somers Center 1 288 Somerset 1 289 Sparta 3 290 Springwells 25 291 St. Ignace 26 292 St. Joseph 26 293 St. Louis 4 294 St. Paul 1 295 St. Thomas 1 296 St. Thomas Ont. 1 297 Stetson 3 298 Stevensville 2 299 Stockbridge 1 300 Stoneville 1 301 Stronach 3 302 Sturgis 5 303 Sullivan 2 304 Summit 2 305 Swanzy 2 306 Tawas City 47 307 Tecumseh 3 308 Thomaston 1 309 Three Oakes 1 310 Three Oaks 4 311 Three Rivers 2 312 Toledo 2 313 Toronto 1 314 Trufant 1 315 Ubly 2 316 Unionville 4 317 W. Bay City 2 318 W. Harrisville 3 319 Walkerville 5 320 Watervliet 1 321 Waverly 2 322 Wayland 1 323 Wayne 6 324 West Bay City 28 325 West Detroit 1 326 Weston 1 327 White Cloud 11 328 White Pigeon 3 329 Wiley 1 330 Windsor 14 331 Windsor, Ont. 1 332 Wyandotte 5 333 Yale 4 334 Ypsilanti 44 335 Zeeland 1 Total 6,051 Table 3 Occupation at Present [OCC] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -8 Foreman cabinet shop 1 1 Accountant 5 2 Agent 241 3 Air b. inspector 2 4 And'ts sec 1 5 Apprentice 4 6 Architect 1 7 Assistant cashier 1 8 Assistant auditor 1 9 Assistant foreman 5 10 Assistant yd m'r 1 11 Auditor 2 12 B.H. foreman 1 13 B.S. foreman 1 14 B.S. helper 2 15 Baggage agt 1 16 Baggage chr 1 17 Baggage p'r 2 18 Baggageman 162 19 Belt repairer 1 20 Billing clerk 10 21 Bl'ksm help 7 22 Blacksmith 88 23 Boiler maker's apprent. 1 24 Boiler wash. 6 25 Boilermaker 55 26 Bolt cutter 1 27 Bookkeeper 5 28 Br. builder 1 29 Brakeman 459 30 Brass finisher 1 31 Brass polisher 1 32 Brassmolder 1 33 Bridge 1 34 Bridge foreman 1 35 Bridge tender 7 36 Cabinet maker 1 37 Call boy 1 38 Caller 13 39 Captain 1 40 Car acc't 1 41 Car agent 1 42 Car builder 1 43 Car checker 8 44 Car cleaner 90 45 Car foreman 1 46 Car inspector 53 47 Car recorder 1 48 Car repairer 132 49 Car sealer 9 50 Car service 1 51 Car shop foreman 4 52 Carpenter 240 53 Cartage agt 1 54 Cashier 38 55 Check clerk 1 56 Checker 61 57 Chief clerk 7 58 Civil engineer 3 59 Clerk 332 60 Coach b'ld'r 2 61 Coal dumper 1 62 Coal filler 1 63 Coal handler 9 64 Coaly'dman 4 65 Collector 4 66 Com. agent 1 67 Conductor 324 68 Constr'nman 16 69 Cook 2 70 Cooper 1 71 Coppersmith 3 72 Cross. tend. 12 73 D't master 1 74 Decorator 1 75 Depot Police 3 76 Depot master 3 77 Derrickman 1 78 Dispatcher 12 79 Div. supt 2 80 Dock laborer 5 81 Dockman 8 82 Domestic 1 83 Dra'ghtsman 2 84 Draghtsman 3 85 Draug'sman 1 86 Drayman 1 87 Driller 3 88 Eng'e_wiper 1 89 Eng. coaler 1 90 Eng. dis 1 91 Eng. f'man 2 92 Engine inspector 2 93 Engineer 331 94 F'm scales 1 95 Filer 1 96 Fireman 320 97 Fitter 2 98 Flagman 96 99 For'n car d't 1 100 Foreman 20 101 Freight sol'r 1 102 Front foreman 13 103 Front handler 158 104 Frt. carter 1 105 Frt. checker 3 106 Frt. house foreman 1 107 Frt. houseman 24 108 Frt. solicitor 1 109 G'l foreman 2 110 G.F. & P.A. 1 111 Gang foreman 1 112 Gardener 4 113 Gas fitter 1 114 Gate man 1 115 Gate tend 4 116 Gatekeeper 1 117 Gateman 11 118 Gen'l office 1 119 Gen. foreman 3 120 Greaser 1 121 Helper 76 122 Hostler 20 123 Interlocker 18 124 Janitor 2 125 Laborer 209 126 Lamp cleaner 2 127 Lamp lighter 3 128 Lampel'ner 1 129 Lampman 3 130 Lamptrim'r 1 131 Latheman 1 132 Laund'ym'n 2 133 Let. carrier 1 134 Leverman 3 135 Lineman 4 136 Lumb'r_y'd foreman 1 137 Lumbyd'm'n 11 138 M'gr din r 1 139 M'st'r paint'r 2 140 Mach apprent 8 141 Mach foreman 1 142 Mach helper 1 143 Mach shp frmn 1 144 Mach. shop 1 145 Machine hand 18 146 Machine help 1 147 Machinery 10 148 Machinist 242 149 Mail Porter 1 150 Mason 2 151 Mason help 2 152 Master mech. 1 153 Mechanic 1 154 Messenger 4 155 Molder 7 156 N't forem'n 1 157 Oiler 12 158 Operator 168 159 Ore handler 13 160 P. car cond. 1 161 Packer 1 162 Painter 77 163 Pattern maker 6 164 Pipe fitter 1 165 Pipe maker 1 166 Plasterer 1 167 Plumber 2 168 Port'r p car 1 169 Porter 20 170 Pressman 2 171 Pump repairer 1 172 Pumper 6 173 Pumpman 4 174 Purch'g agt. 2 175 R. M. clerk 1 176 R.H. foreman 7 177 R.H. man 3 178 R.houseman 3 179 Repair shop foreman 1 180 Repairer 1 181 Repr yd foreman 1 182 Road master 2 183 Roadman 1 184 Roadmaster 5 185 Round h.m. 2 186 Scaler 1 187 Scrubber 1 188 Sealer 3 189 Secretary 2 190 Section foreman 101 191 Sectionman 439 192 Shipper 1 193 Shop foreman 2 194 Shopman 10 195 Signal inspector 1 196 Signalman 1 197 Silverplater 3 198 Solicitor 1 199 Sta. Bag'm'n 9 200 Sta. engineer 5 201 Sta. fireman 7 202 Stat engin'r 4 203 Station foreman 25 204 Station man 4 205 Steam fitter 2 206 Stenog'pher 15 207 Stevedore 59 208 Store boy 1 209 Store clerk 3 210 Store keeper 6 211 Supply agt 1 212 Supt. 1 213 Supt. din. car 1 214 Surveyor 1 215 Switch fireman 1 216 Switchman 225 217 T'kt acc't 1 218 Table turner 1 219 Tank Rprmn 1 220 Tank fitter 1 221 Tankman 2 222 Target man 14 223 Teamster 4 224 Ticket insp. 3 225 Ticket sort. 1 226 Timekeeper 4 227 Tinner 27 228 Tool keeper 1 229 Tool setter 1 230 Tr. bag'man 1 231 Track 6 232 Track foreman 9 233 Trackman 125 234 Train dispt'r 12 235 Train master 2 236 Trans. man 1 237 Trans. supt. 1 238 Transfer foreman 1 239 Trav frt agt 1 240 Trav pass agt 1 241 Truck repairer 1 242 Trucker 59 243 Truckman 22 244 Trucksmith 1 245 Upholsterer 3 246 Usher 1 247 Waiter 1 248 Warehouse foreman 1 249 Warehouseman 37 250 Washer 3 251 Watcher 2 252 Watchman 51 253 Water service 3 254 Weighmaster 3 255 Wheel wash 1 256 Wheelman 1 257 Wiper 104 258 Wood mach. 2 259 Wood worker 8 260 Wrecker 1 261 Y'd fireman 1 262 Yard foreman 1 263 Yard man 10 264 Yard master 46 265 Yard office 1 Total 6,051 Table 4 Where Employed? [WHEMP] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Code Response Published Total* Responses Employ. -9 No Response 51 -- 1 Chicago & North Western 174 2,094 2 Chicago & West Michigan 472 1,702 3 Cincinnati, Jackson & Mackinaw 58 373 4 Chicago, Kalamazoo & Saginaw 10 52 5 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 35 139 6 Detroit, Lansing & Northern 300 1,122 7 Detroit, Bay City & Alpena 107 329 8 Duluth, South Shore & Atlanta 519 1,676 9 Flint & Pere Marquette 594 2,246 10 Grand Rapids & Indiana 530 2,118 11 Grand Trunk Railway 812 4,182 12 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern 394 2,266 13 Manistee & Luther 88 172 14 Manistee & North Eastern 74 169 15 Mason & Oceana 46 86 16 Michigan Central 1,297 6,572 18 Mineral Range 38 183 19 Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie 1 523 20 Pontiac, Oxford & Northern 25 135 21 Saginaw, Tuscola & Huron 23 142 22 Toledo, Ann Arbor & Northern Michigan 167 784 24 Union Station Association 76 236 25 Wabash 160 438 -- C. J. & M. -- 373 -- C., M. & St. P. -- 179 Total 6,051 27,956 * Total employment at each Railroad from Michigan 1894, pp. 384-5. Table 5 Nativity [POB] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 44 1 American 3,660 2 Austrian 2 3 Belgian 5 4 Bohemian 10 5 Canadian 506 6 Danish 33 7 Dutch 27 8 English 204 9 Finnish 31 10 French 75 11 German 580 12 Holland 41 13 Irish 397 14 Italian 16 15 Japanese 1 16 Norwegian 30 17 Polish 113 18 Russian 2 19 Scotch 85 20 Swedish 179 21 Scandinavian 2 22 Swiss 5 23 Welch 3 Total 6,051 Table 6 Age [AGE] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Age or code Frequency -9(No response) 55 14 - 15 years old 8 16 - 20 372 21 - 25 1,120 26 - 30 1,213 31 - 35 1,063 36 - 40 848 41 - 45 534 46 - 50 389 51 - 55 227 56 - 60 111 61 - 65 68 66 - 70 33 71 - 76 10 Total 6,051 Table 7 Marital Status [MS] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 20 1 Single 2,140 2 Married 3,819 3 Widowed 72 Total 6,051 Table 8 Number of Adults and Children in Family Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Number Adults Children or code [ADULTS] [KIDS] -9(No response) 2,140 3,005 1 adult/child 66 912 2 3,604 830 3 147 562 4 52 354 5 20 191 6 12 102 7 4 51 8 2 27 9 2 9 10 2 6 11 0 0 12 0 1 13 0 1 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 9 Number of Hours Worked Per Day Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Hours Winter Summer or code [HRSWIN] [HRSSUM] -9(No response) 698 630 1 hour 2 0 2 0 0 3 1 2 4 3 2 5 6 8 6 31 31 7 13 14 8 287 264 9 421 170 10 2,976 3,269 11 256 277 12 935 993 13 155 168 14 116 124 15 61 51 16 58 37 17 11 4 18 19 7 19 0 0 20 2 0 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 10 Number of Months Worked and Lost Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Months Worked Lost or code [MONTHS] [MLOST] -9(No response) 14 4,712 0.25 - 1.00 month 22 437 1.01 - 2.00 21 297 2.01 - 3.00 35 151 3.01 - 4.00 31 134 4.01 - 5.00 36 117 5.01 - 6.00 90 89 6.01 - 7.00 125 31 7.01 - 8.00 139 26 8.01 - 9.00 155 26 9.01 - 10.00 289 15 10.01 - 11.00 466 15 11.01 - 12.00 4,625 1 12.01 - 18.00 3 0 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 11 Number of Days Lost [DLOST] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Days or code Frequency -9(No response) 5,498 1 - 2 days 30 3 - 4 104 5 - 6 49 7 - 8 39 9 - 10 84 11 - 12 28 13 - 14 97 15 - 16 50 17 - 18 12 19 - 20 31 21 - 22 9 23 - 24 2 25 - 26 6 27 - 30 12 Total 6,051 Table 12 Causes for Lost Time [WHY] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,431 1 Accident 23 2 At school 15 3 Bad weather 1 4 Business 6 5 Death of parent 1 6 Did not want to work 3 7 Engine being repaired 3 8 Funeral 1 9 Holidays 5 10 Illness of wife 1 11 Injury 24 12 Just began work 3 13 Lack of Work 474 14 Laid off 55 15 Learning tel. 1 16 Moving 1 17 Other business 48 18 Other occupation 1 19 Other work 13 20 Pleasure 49 21 Recreation 5 22 Rest 16 23 Short hours 2 24 Sick & holidays 1 25 Sick & lack of work 51 26 Sick & other work 1 27 Sick & pleasure 2 28 Sick & vacation 13 29 Sick and Rest 1 30 Sick in family 2 31 Sick & death 3 32 Sickness 623 33 Sprained ankle 1 34 Strike 6 35 Strike & sick 1 36 Vacation, lack of work, and sickness 1 37 Vacation 158 38 Visiting 3 39 Work elsewhere 1 40 Work short hours 1 Total 6,051 Table 13 Average Hours on Duty [HOURS] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Hours or code Frequency -9(No response) 109 3.00 - 4.00 hours 3 4.01 - 5.00 10 5.01 - 6.00 38 6.01 - 7.00 57 7.01 - 8.00 273 8.01 - 9.00 195 9.01 - 10.00 3,319 10.01 - 11.00 323 11.01 - 12.00 1,109 12.01 - 13.00 200 13.01 - 14.00 195 14.01 - 15.00 145 15.01 - 16.00 54 16.01 - 17.00 11 17.01 - 18.00 8 18.01 - 22.00 2 Total 6,051 Table 14 Unit of Wage Level [UWAGE] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 14 1 Day 2,605 2 Month 3,062 3 Mile 298 4 Ton 31 5 Trip 41 Total 6,051 Table 15 Wage Level at Regular Time [WAGE] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Wage or code Frequency If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '-9', -9 (No response) 14 If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '1', $0.5000 - 1.0000 94 1.0001 - 1.5000 1,323 1.5001 - 2.0000 586 2.0001 - 2.5000 375 2.5001 - 3.0000 158 3.0001 - 3.5000 34 3.5001 - 4.0000 18 4.0001 - 50.0000 17 If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '2', $1.2500 - 10.0000 67 10.0001 - 20.5000 28 20.5001 - 30.0000 148 30.0001 - 40.5000 711 40.5001 - 50.0000 907 50.0001 - 60.5000 470 60.5001 - 70.0000 196 70.0001 - 80.0000 181 80.0001 - 90.5000 140 90.5001 - 100.0000 119 100.0001 - 440.0000 95 If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '3', -8("4 & 3.5c") 3 -7("4 & 3.75c") 2 $0.0105 - 0.0200 145 0.0201 - 0.0300 72 0.0301 - 0.0400 67 0.0401 - 3.5000 9 If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '4', $0.1200 2 $0.1500 29 If answer to UWAGE in Table 14 is '5', $1.4000 - 2.0000 5 2.0001 - 3.0000 13 3.0001 - 4.0000 8 4.0001 - 5.0000 7 5.0001 - 6.0000 3 6.0001 - 13.8000 5 Total 6,051 Table 16 Overtime and Amount if Any [OVERTIME] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,020 1 1.25 time 36 2 1.5 time 9 3 Hr. 10c 3 4 Hr. 11.33c 1 5 Hr. 11.5c 5 6 Hr. 11c 85 7 Hr. 12.5c 52 8 Hr. 12c 11 9 Hr. 13.5c 8 10 Hr. 13c 9 11 Hr. 14.375c 1 12 Hr. 14c 17 13 Hr. 15.5c 1 14 Hr. 15c 42 15 Hr. 16.5c 4 16 Hr. 16c 5 17 Hr. 17.5c 67 18 Hr. 17c 19 19 Hr. 18.66c 1 20 Hr. 18.75c 1 21 Hr. 18c 7 22 Hr. 19c 3 23 Hr. 20.33c 1 24 Hr. 20c 140 25 Hr. 21.1c 1 26 Hr. 21.33c 5 27 Hr. 21.3c 1 28 Hr. 21c 8 29 Hr. 22.5c 13 30 Hr. 22.75c 1 31 Hr. 22c 7 32 Hr. 23.5c 2 33 Hr. 23c 6 34 Hr. 24.75c 4 35 Hr. 24c 4 36 Hr. 25c 65 37 Hr. 26.5 1 38 Hr. 26.75c 1 39 Hr. 26c 3 40 Hr. 27.5c 33 41 Hr. 27c 26 42 Hr. 28c 2 43 Hr. 29c 6 44 Hr. 30c 67 45 Hr. 31.5c 1 46 Hr. 32.5c 1 47 Hr. 32c 3 48 Hr. 33.75c 2 49 Hr. 33c 1 50 Hr. 35c 21 51 Hr. 36c 1 52 Hr. 37.5c 1 53 Hr. 37c 2 54 Hr. 38c 3 55 Hr. 39c 1 56 Hr. 40c 2 57 Hr. 9.33c 1 58 Mi. 1.5c 2 59 Mi. 2.125c 1 60 Mi. 2.33c 58 61 Mi. 2c 4 62 Mi. 3.5c 2 63 Mi. 3c 4 64 Mi. 4c 1 65 Yes, but does not say what 1,135 Total 6,051 Table 17 How Often Wages Were Paid? [PERIOD] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,020 1 Month 41 2 Semi-monthly 5,953 3 Weekly 1 Total 6,051 Table 18 Total Earnings Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Value At regular time Total or code [REGEAR] [TOTEAR] -9(No response) 19 18 $2.00 - 100.00 69 69 100.01 - 200.00 108 102 200.01 - 300.00 265 259 300.01 - 400.00 1,252 1,164 400.01 - 500.00 1,021 1,088 500.01 - 600.00 1,214 1,197 600.01 - 700.00 519 524 700.01 - 800.00 671 665 800.01 - 900.00 323 324 900.01 - 1,000.00 150 171 1,000.01 - 1,100.00 165 163 1,100.01 - 1,200.00 150 147 1,200.01 - 4,500.00 125 160 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 19 Total Earnings at Overtime [OVEREAR] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 5,180 $1.00 - 10.00 137 10.01 - 20.00 169 20.01 - 30.00 136 30.01 - 40.00 95 40.01 - 50.00 91 50.01 - 60.00 51 60.01 - 70.00 36 70.01 - 80.00 49 80.01 - 90.00 15 90.01 - 100.00 30 100.01 - 110.00 3 110.01 - 120.00 23 120.01 - 300.00 36 Total 6,051 Table 20 Number of Hours on Duty Overtime is Paid [HRSDUTY] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Hours or code Frequency -9(No response) 3,678 6.00 - 7.00 hours 4 7.01 - 8.00 21 8.01 - 9.00 13 9.01 - 10.00 1,527 10.01 - 11.00 214 11.01 - 12.00 251 12.01 - 13.00 153 13.01 - 14.00 159 14.01 - 15.00 17 15.01 - 24.00 14 Total 6,051 Table 21 Changes in Wages During the Past Year [CHGWG1] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 146 1 Dec. $1 day 1 2 Dec. $10 1 3 Dec. $10 mo. 4 4 Dec. $15 mo. 1 5 Dec. $18 mo. 1 6 Dec. $2 mo. 1 7 Dec. $2.50 mo. 2 8 Dec. $26.67 mo. 1 9 Dec. $35 mo. 2 10 Dec. $5 mo. 13 11 Dec. $50 yr. 1 12 Dec. $8 mo. 1 13 Dec. 10% 11 14 Dec. 12.5c day 1 15 Dec. 15% 1 16 Dec. 15c day 1 17 Dec. 20% 5 18 Dec. 25% 2 19 Dec. 25c day 5 20 Dec. 30% 1 21 Dec. 30c day 1 22 Dec. 32c day 1 23 Dec. 35% 1 24 Dec. 40c day 1 25 Dec. 5% 4 26 Dec. 50c day 1 27 Dec. 5c day 2 28 Dec. 70c day 1 29 Dec. 75c day 1 30 Decrease 15 31 Inc. $1 1 32 Inc. $1 day 2 33 Inc. $10 1 34 Inc. $10 mo. 69 35 Inc. $12 mo. 1 36 Inc. $12.5 mo. 1 37 Inc. $15 mo. 23 38 Inc. $17.68 mo. 1 39 Inc. $180.00 2 40 Inc. $2.50 mo. 10 41 Inc. $20 mo. 9 42 Inc. $25 mo. 14 43 Inc. $3 mo. 5 44 Inc. $3.50 mo. 1 45 Inc. $30 mo. 2 46 Inc. $30 yr. 1 47 Inc. $4 mo. 2 48 Inc. $4.50 mo. 1 49 Inc. $5 100 mi. 1 50 Inc. $5 mo. 223 51 Inc. $5 p mo. 1 52 Inc. $5 pr m 1 53 Inc. $5 yr. 1 54 Inc. $6 mo. 1 55 Inc. $6.66 mo. 3 56 Inc. $60 2 57 Inc. $600 1 58 Inc. $7 mo. 2 59 Inc. $7.66 mo. 1 60 Inc. $75 yr. 1 61 Inc. $8 mo. 1 62 Inc. 0.25c mi. 1 63 Inc. 0.5c hr. 1 64 Inc. 1.33c mi. 1 65 Inc. 10% 2 66 Inc. 10c day 32 67 Inc. 12.5c day 1 68 Inc. 12c day 1 69 Inc. 13c day 1 70 Inc. 15% 2 71 Inc. 15c day 22 72 Inc. 16c day 1 73 Inc. 17c pr d 1 74 Inc. 2.5c hr. 1 75 Inc. 20% 1 76 Inc. 20c day 3 77 Inc. 20c hr. 1 78 Inc. 20c pr d 1 79 Inc. 20c trip 1 80 Inc. 25% 2 81 Inc. 25c day 48 82 Inc. 2c hr. 11 83 Inc. 30c day 1 84 Inc. 30c trip 2 85 Inc. 35c day 3 86 Inc. 35c pr d 1 87 Inc. 3c trip 1 88 Inc. 40c day 1 89 Inc. 40c trip 2 90 Inc. 45c day 1 91 Inc. 5% 2 92 Inc. 50c 2 93 Inc. 50c day 3 94 Inc. 5c day 3 95 Inc. 60c day 3 96 Inc. 6c 100 mi. 1 97 Inc. 70c trip 2 98 Inc. 75c day 1 99 Inc. 80c day 1 100 Inc. 85c day 1 101 Increase 35 102 Neither 5,227 103 None 8 Total 6,051 Table 22 Changes in Wages During the Past Five Years [CHGWG5] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 890 1 Dec. $1 day 1 2 Dec. $10 mo. 19 3 Dec. $10.00 2 4 Dec. $12 mo. 2 5 Dec. $120.00 1 6 Dec. $15 mo. 7 7 Dec. $15.00 1 8 Dec. $17.00 1 9 Dec. $180.00 1 10 Dec. $2.50 mo. 4 11 Dec. $20 mo. 5 12 Dec. $200 yr. 1 13 Dec. $25 mo. 6 14 Dec. $25.00 1 15 Dec. $3 mo. 3 16 Dec. $35 mo. 2 17 Dec. $40 mo. 1 18 Dec. $41.66 mo. 1 19 Dec. $5 mo. 39 20 Dec. $5.00 2 21 Dec. $6 wk. 1 22 Dec. $7 mo. 3 23 Dec. $75 mo. 1 24 Dec. $83.33 mo. 1 25 Dec. 0.1c mi. 1 26 Dec. 10% 12 27 Dec. 10c day 13 28 Dec. 12.5c day 2 29 Dec. 12c 100 m 1 30 Dec. 12c day 1 31 Dec. 15c day 14 32 Dec. 20% 3 33 Dec. 20c day 5 34 Dec. 25% 5 35 Dec. 25c 1 36 Dec. 25c day 18 37 Dec. 3% 1 38 Dec. 30% 1 39 Dec. 30c day 3 40 Dec. 32c day 1 41 Dec. 45c day 1 42 Dec. 5% 4 43 Dec. 50% 1 44 Dec. 50c day 5 45 Dec. 52c day 1 46 Dec. 5c day 2 47 Dec. 7% 1 48 Dec. 75c day 2 49 Dec. over t 1 50 Decrease 37 51 Doesn't say what 5 52 Inc. $1 day 4 53 Inc. $1 mo. 1 54 Inc. $1 p d 1 55 Inc. $1.15 day 1 56 Inc. $1.25 day 1 57 Inc. $1.66 mo. 1 58 Inc. $10 mo. 118 59 Inc. $10.00 2 60 Inc. $100 yr. 17 61 Inc. $110 yr. 1 62 Inc. $115 yr. 1 63 Inc. $12.5 mo. 1 64 Inc. $120 yr. 3 65 Inc. $125 yr. 1 66 Inc. $13 mo. 2 67 Inc. $15 1 68 Inc. $15 mo. 38 69 Inc. $15.00 1 70 Inc. $15.00 1 71 Inc. $150 mo. 1 72 Inc. $150 yr. 5 73 Inc. $16.67 m 6 74 Inc. $17 mo. 24 75 Inc. $18 mo. 1 76 Inc. $180 yr. 13 77 Inc. $180.00 1 78 Inc. $2 day 1 79 Inc. $2 mo. 3 80 Inc. $2.5 mo. 2 81 Inc. $2.50 mo. 5 82 Inc. $20 mo. 28 83 Inc. $20.00 2 84 Inc. $240 yr. 1 85 Inc. $240.00 3 86 Inc. $25 mo. 11 87 Inc. $25.00 4 88 Inc. $3 mo. 16 89 Inc. $30 mo. 3 90 Inc. $30 yr. 1 91 Inc. $30.00 1 92 Inc. $33.33 mo. 1 93 Inc. $35 mo. 1 94 Inc. $35.00 1 95 Inc. $4 mo. 1 96 Inc. $40.00 1 97 Inc. $5 mo. 194 98 Inc. $5.00 2 99 Inc. $50 yr. 11 100 Inc. $500 yr. 1 101 Inc. $6 mo. 1 102 Inc. $6.66 mo. 4 103 Inc. $60.00 2 104 Inc. $7 mo. 1 105 Inc. $7.66 mo. 1 106 Inc. $75 yr. 9 107 Inc. $8 mo. 6 108 Inc. $8.33 mo. 1 109 Inc. $80 yr. 1 110 Inc. $9 mo. 1 111 Inc. %15 mo. 1 112 Inc. 0.05c mi. 1 113 Inc. 0.1c mi. 1 114 Inc. 0.25c mi. 3 115 Inc. 0.33c mi. 2 116 Inc. 0.5 to 0.75 pe 5 117 Inc. 0.5c p mi. 1 118 Inc. 10 mo. 2 119 Inc. 10% 36 120 Inc. 10c day 47 121 Inc. 12% 1 122 Inc. 12.50 mo. 1 123 Inc. 12.5c day 1 124 Inc. 13c day 1 125 Inc. 14c day 1 126 Inc. 15% 6 127 Inc. 15c day 30 128 Inc. 16c day 1 129 Inc. 1c mi. 1 130 Inc. 2% 2 131 Inc. 2.5c mi. 1 132 Inc. 20% 29 133 Inc. 20c 100 mi. 1 134 Inc. 20c day 12 135 Inc. 20c hr. 1 136 Inc. 21c day 1 137 Inc. 23c day 2 138 Inc. 25% 10 139 Inc. 25c 1 140 Inc. 25c day 46 141 Inc. 25c p d 2 142 Inc. 26c day 1 143 Inc. 28c day 1 144 Inc. 3% 2 145 Inc. 3.8c mi. 2 146 Inc. 30% 1 147 Inc. 30c day 10 148 Inc. 30c trip 1 149 Inc. 33.3% 1 150 Inc. 35c day 7 151 Inc. 36c day 2 152 Inc. 37 c p d 1 153 Inc. 3c mi. 1 154 Inc. 40% 1 155 Inc. 40c day 4 156 Inc. 40c trip 1 157 Inc. 45c day 2 158 Inc. 48c day 1 159 Inc. 5% 16 160 Inc. 50% 1 161 Inc. 50c 1 162 Inc. 50c day 14 163 Inc. 55c day 1 164 Inc. 5c day 7 165 Inc. 6% 1 166 Inc. 60c day 1 167 Inc. 65c day 2 168 Inc. 7% 1 169 Inc. 70c day 1 170 Inc. 70c trip 2 171 Inc. 75c day 6 172 Inc. 8% 1 173 Inc. 80c day 3 174 Inc. 85c day 6 175 Inc. 8c day 1 176 Inc. 96c day 1 177 Increase 124 178 Neither 3,866 Total 6,051 Table 23 Savings in the Past Year [SAVINGS] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 605 -8("No") 3,319 -7("Yes") 293 $5.00 - 25.00 50 25.01 - 50.00 226 50.01 - 75.00 120 75.01 - 100.00 470 100.01 - 125.00 57 125.01 - 150.00 172 150.01 - 175.00 19 175.01 - 200.00 323 200.01 - 225.00 13 225.01 - 250.00 70 250.01 - 275.00 3 275.01 - 300.00 135 300.01 - 1,800.00 176 Total 6,051 Table 24 Are Times Better or Worse? Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Than 1 year ago Than 5 years ago Code Response [BETTER1] [BETTER5] -9 No response 453 999 1 Better 529 819 2 Same 2,545 1,674 3 Worse 2,524 2,559 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 25 Do You Own Your Home? [OWNHM] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 488 1 No 3,587 2 Yes 1,976 Total 6,051 Table 26 Is it Incumbered? If so, how much? [INCUMB] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,214 -8("No") 1,136 -7("Yes") 75 $17.00 - 100.00 54 100.01 - 200.00 100 200.01 - 300.00 109 300.01 - 400.00 96 400.01 - 500.00 76 500.01 - 600.00 55 600.01 - 700.00 37 700.01 - 800.00 36 800.01 - 900.00 16 900.01 - 1,000.00 26 1,000.01 - 2,500.00 21 Total 6,051 Table 27 Rate of Interest on Incumbrance [MORTINTR] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Rates or code Frequency -9(No response) 5,409 -8("None") 8 4.00 % 4 5.00 9 6.00 103 6.50 2 7.00 422 7.50 2 8.00 85 10.00 7 Total 6,051 Table 28 Do You Meet Payments when Due [PAYDUE] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 5,451 1 No 28 2 Yes 572 Total 6,051 Table 29 Is Incumbrance in Form of Mortgage or Contract [CUMFORM] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 5,420 1 Contract 251 2 Mortgage 380 Total 6,051 Table 30 Amount Paid Per Month for Rent [RENT] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Rent or code Frequency -9(No response) 4,077 -8("None") 1 $1.00 - 2.00 9 2.01 - 3.00 63 3.01 - 4.00 119 4.01 - 5.00 238 5.01 - 6.00 219 6.01 - 7.00 185 7.01 - 8.00 265 8.01 - 9.00 126 9.01 - 10.00 352 10.01 - 11.00 47 11.01 - 12.00 139 12.01 - 13.00 46 13.01 - 14.00 20 14.01 - 15.00 69 15.01 - 40.00 76 Total 6,051 Table 31 Changes in Cost of Living during past Year [CHGCOL1] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 590 1 Decreased 60 2 Increased 2,102 3 Neither 3,283 4 Inc. $18 mo. 1 5 Inc. $2 mo. 1 6 Inc. $20 mo. 1 7 Inc. $200 yr. 1 8 Inc. $25.00 1 9 Inc. $5 mo. 1 10 Inc. 10% 3 11 Inc. 10C day 1 12 Inc. 15% 1 13 Inc. 25% 2 14 Inc. 50C wk. 1 15 Inc. 7% 1 16 Inc. 8% 1 Total 6,051 Table 32 Changes in Cost of Living during past Five Years [CHGCOL5] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 1,492 1 Decreased 167 2 Increased 2,137 3 Neither 2,210 4 Dec. 10% 1 5 Dec. 25% 1 6 Inc. $10 mo. 2 7 Inc. $100 1 8 Inc. $100 yr. 1 9 Inc. $15 mo. 1 10 Inc. $20.00 1 11 Inc. $25.00 1 12 Inc. $3 mo. 1 13 Inc. $5 mo. 1 14 Inc. 10% 11 15 Inc. 12.5% 1 16 Inc. 15% 1 17 Inc. 20% 3 18 Inc. 25% 2 19 Inc. 3% 1 20 Inc. 33.33% 4 21 Inc. 4% mo. 1 22 Inc. 5% 8 23 Inc. 5% mo. 1 24 Inc. 50% 1 Total 6,051 Table 33 Can You Earn More than Actual Necessities for Yourself and Family? [MORE] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 427 1 No 1,879 2 Yes 3,745 Total 6,051 Table 34 Do You Belong to a Labor Organization, if so, What? [UNION] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 163 1 No 4,635 2 Yes 15 3 Amalgamated Society of Engineers 1 4 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 402 5 B of C & J. of A. 1 6 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers 199 7 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers & Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen 7 8 Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen 171 9 Brotherhood of Railroad Car Men 24 11 Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen & Order of Railroad Conductors 5 12 Boiler Makers' Union 19 13 Cabinet Maker's Union 1 14 Carpenter's Union 2 15 Dispatcher 2 16 Freight Handlers Aid Association 12 17 International Association of American Machinists 66 19 J. O. of A. M. 1 20 Knights of Labor 9 22 Machinists' Union 3 23 Molders' Union 1 24 Order of Railway Conductors 158 26 Order of Railway Telegraphers 89 27 Order of Railway Telegraphers & Railway Agents Association 1 28 Railway Agents Association 7 29 Switchmen Mutual Aid Association 55 30 Steam Fitters' Union 1 31 Train Dispatchers Association of America 1 Total 6,051 Table 35 Does it [Labor Organization] Help to Increase Wages? [HELPWG] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,925 1 No 152 2 Yes 974 Total 6,051 Table 36 Does it [Labor Organization] Contain Benefits? Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Code Response Death benefit Sick benefit [DTHBEN] [SICKBEN] -9 No response 4,896 4,984 1 No 121 185 2 Yes 1,034 882 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 37 Does it [Labor Organization] Contain other Insurance? Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Frequency Code Response Life insurance Accident insurance [OINSLIFE] [OINSACC] -9 No response 827 1,594 1 No 2,899 3,386 2 Yes 2,325 1,071 Total 6,051 6,051 Table 38 Are Apprentices Employed in Your Occupation? [APPRET] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 1,031 1 No 4,019 2 Yes 1,001 Total 6,051 Table 39 Does Immigration Injure Your Occupation? [IMMINJUR] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 527 1 No 2,767 2 Yes 2,757 Total 6,051 Table 40 Are Conditions Better for Saving Money Here? [SAVCON] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,814 1 No 318 2 Yes 917 3 Same 2 Total 6,051 Table 41 Are Laboring Men more or less Economical Here? [LBECON] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 4,829 1 No 2 2 Yes 2 3 Same 724 4 Less 479 5 More 15 Total 6,051 Table 42 Effect of Your Present Occupation on Your Health [EFFECT] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 456 1 Good 2,567 2 Bad 569 3 Fair 289 4 None 2,168 5 Poor 1 6 Better 1 Total 6,051 Table 43 What Accidents, if any, have You Met with Since You have been Engaged in Your Present Occupation? [ACCIDENT] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 214 -8 None 5,306 -7 None of importance 13 -6 Yes 1 1 Ankle sprained 10 2 Ankle broken 3 3 Ankle dislocated 3 4 Ankle sprained 4 5 Ankle sprained/arm injured 1 6 Arm and hand broken 1 7 Arm broken 12 8 Arm broken and shoulder/eye injured 1 9 Arm broken coupling cars 1 10 Arm crippled 1 11 Arm crushed 2 12 Arm hurt 2 13 Arm injured 5 14 Arm lost 1 15 Arm pinched 2 16 Arm sprained 1 17 Arm wrenched 1 18 Arm/skull 1 19 Back hurt 1 20 Back injured 8 21 Back injured by fall 1 22 Back sprained 1 23 Body injured 2 24 Both hands broken 1 25 Both hands smashed 1 26 Both legs broken 1 27 Both shoulders hurt 1 28 Bruised in collision 2 29 Caught in draw bars 1 30 Chest pinched 1 31 Chin cut 1 32 Collar bone broken 3 33 Collar broken 1 34 Collision 1 35 Concussion of brain 1 36 Crip`l`d h`nd lost eye 1 37 Crushed between bbls 1 38 Crushed coupling car 2 39 Crushed hand and injured internally 1 40 Crushed while coupling cars 1 41 Electric shock 1 42 Eye and leg injured 1 43 Eye hurt 1 44 Eye injured 2 45 Eyes burned 1 46 Fell from moving car 1 47 Fell from train 2 48 Fell into clinker pit 1 49 Finger and thumb lost 1 50 Finger broken 2 51 Finger bruised 2 52 Finger crippled 1 53 Finger crushed 14 54 Finger cut 1 55 Finger hurt 2 56 Finger injured 10 57 Finger jammed 3 58 Finger lost 66 59 Finger lost/leg injured 1 60 Finger pinched 6 61 Finger smashed 12 62 Finger/eye hurt 1 63 Finger/foot injured 1 64 Foot and back injured 1 65 Foot broken 1 66 Foot bruised 2 67 Foot burned 1 68 Foot crushed 9 69 Foot hurt and fingers jammed 2 70 Foot injured 27 71 Foot jammed 3 72 Foot lost 2 73 Foot smashed 5 74 Foot smashed and finger broken 1 75 Foot sprained 1 76 Hand and foot burned 1 77 Hand and leg injured 1 78 Hand broken 1 79 Hand burned 1 80 Hand crippled 1 81 Hand crushed 23 82 Hand crushed and lost thumb 1 83 Hand cut 1 84 Hand hurt 1 85 Hand hurt coupling car 1 86 Hand injured 15 87 Hand jammed 2 88 Hand lost 1 89 Hand pinched 5 90 Hand smashed 8 91 Hand/foot jammed 1 92 Head and leg injured 1 93 Head crushed 1 94 Head cut 1 95 Head injured 3 96 Head injured by a sledge 1 97 Head pinched and elbow sprained 1 98 Hip crushed 1 99 Hip dislocated 1 100 Hip dislocated and arm and nose broken 1 101 Hip injured 2 102 Hip strained 1 103 Hurt ankles falling from cars 1 104 Hurt by tree 1 105 Hurt cars 2 106 Hurt coupling cars 1 107 Injured about head 1 108 Injured by fall 2 109 Injured by fall,ect. 1 110 Injured by falling 1 111 Injured by hogshead 1 112 Injured hand coupling car 1 113 Injured in a switch 1 114 Injured in a wreck 1 115 Injured in collision 5 116 Injured internally by fall 1 117 Injured jump from ladder 1 118 Injury to neck 1 119 Jammed 2 120 Knee cap displaced 1 121 Knee cap injured 1 122 Knee dislocated 1 123 Knee injured 3 124 Knee sprained 1 125 Knee stiffened 1 126 Left arm crushed 1 127 Left arm dislocated 1 128 Left foot injured 1 129 Leg and arm broken 1 130 Leg and foot injured w/ coupling cars 1 131 Leg arm 2 ribs and knee cap injured 1 132 Leg broken 20 133 Leg broken two yrs ago 1 134 Leg bruised 2 135 Leg crushed 1 136 Leg cut 1 137 Leg fractured 2 138 Leg injured 10 139 Leg injured wreck 1 140 Leg lost 5 141 Leg smashed 1 142 Leg/foot broken 1 143 Leg/hip broken 1 144 Leg finger broken 1 145 Legs scalded and fingers jammed 1 146 Lost finger and two hurt 1 147 Lost finger coupling car 2 148 Lost finger, ect. 1 149 Lost finger/injure 1 150 One eye lost 1 151 One hand lost 1 152 Rib broken 2 153 Ribs broken 1 154 Ribs crushed 1 155 Ruptured 8 156 Scalded 2 157 Scalded/bruise 1 158 Severe injury 1 159 Shot by tramp 1 160 Shoulder blade and jaw bone broken 1 161 Shoulder broken 1 162 Shoulder bruised 1 163 Shoulder dislocated 2 164 Shoulder injured 4 165 Skull fractured 1 166 Slight bruises 2 167 Slight injury 1 168 Spine injured 4 169 Spine injured by fall 1 170 Squeezed car 1 171 Squeezed under car 1 172 Struck by a boom 1 173 Struck with a pick 1 174 Struck with hammer 1 175 Stuck in eye with nail 1 176 Thumb & finger lost 3 177 Thumb and ankle crushed 1 178 Thumb broken and arm pinched 1 179 Thumb injured 1 180 Thumb lost 3 181 Thumb pinched 1 182 Thumb smashed 2 183 Thumb/finger lost 1 184 Toe broken 1 185 Toe fractured 1 186 Toe injured 1 187 Toe lost 4 188 Train runaway accident 1 189 Truck fell on foot 1 190 Trunk fell on my foot 1 191 Wreck bruised 1 192 wreck injured 3 193 Wrist broken 1 194 Wrist injured 1 195 Wrist sprained 2 Total 6,051 Table 44 General Remarks [REMARK] Survey of 6,051 Railway Employes in Michigan 1893 Code Response Frequency -9 No Response 5,893 1 5% com. in addition to salary 1 2 Apprentice at $1.75/Day 1 3 Been here too long to give foreign wages 1 4 Been in America 23 years 1 5 Been in America 25 years 1 6 Been in U.S. 8 Months 1 7 Board in add to salary 6 8 Board with salary 11 9 Came to America when a child 30 10 Came to this country when young 6 11 Cares for mother and family 1 12 Commission $35 1 13 Commission from ticket sales 1 14 Do not depend on salary for support 1 15 Employed elsewhere 8 months 1 16 Have worked only 3 days 1 17 Income from small business 1 18 Just came to US 1 19 Left Canada at 6 yrs old 1 20 Left Germany at 11 2 21 Left Germany at age 16 1 22 Left Germany when child 2 23 Left native land as child 22 24 Left native land at age 15 1 25 Left native land at age 3 1 26 Left native land at age 4 1 27 Left native land at age 5 1 28 Other incomes beside salary 1 29 Other business 1 30 Overtime is Sunday work 1 31 Own a lot 1 32 Owns a farm 1 33 Owns home in indiana 1 34 Owns three houses elsewhere. 1 35 Refuses to state salary 3 36 Refuses to state wages 2 37 Rents home for $25 a month 1 38 Salary from American Express Co. also 1 39 Support mother and father 1 40 Wages raised on account of extra work 1 41 Will not give salary 1 42 Work 1/2 day every Sunday 1 43 Work alternate Sundays 1 44 Work by the hour 35 45 Work every day in the year 1 46 Worked about 325 days 1 47 Worked six months in law office 1 48 Works 1/2 day Sunday 2 Total 6,051