CODEBOOK AND USER'S MANUAL: A SURVEY OF 3,493 WAGE-EARNERS IN CALIFORNIA, 1892 REPORTED IN THE FIFTH BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Version 3.0 February 8, 1993 Susan B. Carter Roger L. Ransom Richard Sutch Hongcheng Zhao Historical Labor Statistics Project Institute of Business and Economic Research University of California Berkeley, California 94720 This codebook is a preliminary draft. The data described here and accompanying this version of the codebook is still in a preliminary format and may contain errors. Those wishing to use this data for research purposes should check with the authors for an update. Neither the collectors of the data or those sponsoring the data collection wish to bear responsibility for the use to which others may make of this data. The financial support of the National Science Foundation, the All-UC Group in Economic History, and of the Institute of Business and Economic Research and the Laboratory for Historical Research, both of the University of California, is appreciated. For further description of the Historical Labor Statistics Project, discussion of the social, economic, and political context in which the data were collected, and an assessment of data quality, see Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "The Historical Labor Statistics Project at the University of California," Historical Methods 24 (2) (Spring 1991): 52-65 and Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, and Richard Sutch, "Doing the Wright Thing: Carroll Wright and the State Labor Statistics Movement." Paper Presented at the Conference on Historical Labor Statistics, Lawrence, Kansas, June 1991. Suggested Citation: Susan B. Carter, Roger L. Ransom, Richard Sutch, and Hongcheng Zhao. Codebook and User's Manual: Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892; Reported in the Fifth Biennial Report of the California Bureau of Labor Statistics. Berkeley: Institute of Business and Economic Research, 1993. A SURVEY OF 3,493 WAGE-EARNERS IN CALIFORNIA, 1892 The data described in this Codebook come from a survey of 3,493 wage-earners conducted by the California Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1892 and published in its Fifth Biennial Report [California Bureau of Labor Statistics 1893]. The mood of the times can be gauged by the Report's introduction which began, "The strained relations existing between labor and capital, the hostile attitude of each toward the other, is a subject that claims the attention of all thoughtful men." It is the special province of this Bureau to deal with the facts,..." it noted, and to that end, "The line of inquiry followed in securing data for this report was determined upon with a view of obtaining reliable information regarding rates of wages, hours of labor, and other working physical, social, and financial conditions surrounding the wage-workers of the State. As a means of carrying out this purpose, schedules of questions covering a wide field of inquiry were prepared for both employer and employe, and special agents made personal canvass of industrial centers soliciting answers." [California Bureau of Labor Statistics 1893, pp. 6, 8]. Fifty-five different industries and 239 different occupations were included. The Bureau pointed out that, "To obtain this information required persistent effort and patient inquiry, as our people have not yet been educated up to the point of freely giving personal statistical facts for public use. Oddly enough the principal opposition encountered came from the employes themselves. Many of them are careless and indifferent about their conditions, present or prospective, and others again object unreasonably to the questions which were asked of them. They were under the impression that the Bureau was prying into their private affairs, and did not seem to realize that labor legislation all over the world is based on statistics" [California Bureau of Labor Statistics 1893 p. 8]. It went on to add, "It is impossible to correct an abuse until it becomes known, and it can only be known by investigation and inquiry. The factory laws under which our manufactures employ help is the direct result of Labor Bureau work, and the fact that shop girls are not obliged to stand on their feet all day is one of the good things this Bureau has done for California" [California Bureau of Labor Statistics 1893, p. 10]. But except for the comment that, "The period since the last biennial report of this Bureau was made has not marked by revolution or radical change in the situation regarding labor and the general condition of wage-earners in California" [California Bureau of Labor Statistics 1893, p. 5], the Report draws no conclusions regarding possible abuses. It simply published the exact responses of all 3,493 workers to the questions asked. Susan Carter and Peter Philips supplemented these survey responses with data on the average firm characteristics for the industry in which each work was employed [Carter and Philips 1990]. This information shows, for instance, the average capital-labor ratio of firms in the industry although not the capital-labor ratio of the firm in which the worker was actually employed. After examining the distribution of workers across manufacturing industries in the sample and comparing it with the industrial distribution of workers as shown in the federal census of manufacturing for 1890, Carter and Philips concluded that the sample is reasonably representative of the manufacturing labor force as a whole except for a slight overrepresentation of brewery and construction workers and of workers in light manufacturing. The nativity and union membership of sampled workers is quite different from that of the U.S. manufacturing labor force, however. While half the men in the sample were foreign-born, they were not members of ethnic groups likely to be experiencing the worst discrimination. No Chinese and only 21 Italians were surveyed. Over a fourth of the foreign-born males were Germans and almost a fifth were Irish who did very well in San Francisco [Burchell 1980, pp. 2-14]. English, Swedish, and other northern European workers account for another third of the foreign-born sample. In addition, surveyed workers were far more likely to be union members than was the average manufacturing wage earner. Whereas Gerald Friedman finds that less than five percent of the national labor force was unionized [Friedman 1986], almost a third of the male and over FIVE percent of the female wage earners in the sample were union members. The Historical Labor Statistics Project has transformed these data into machine-readable form using the procedures and codes outlined in this Codebook. Table 1 lists the questions asked in the survey and the variable names assigned to each response. Table 2 lists the industry characteristics taken from the federal manufacturing censuses of 1890 and 1900 for the City of San Francisco. Non-industrial sectors such as retail sales and transportation were coded as missing information on industrial characteristics. Table 3 provides a cross-referencing of industry names as reported in the California wage earner survey with those used in the federal manufacturing census. Tables 4 through 29 present descriptive statistics on the values and distribution of responses to the questions including, where necessary, the numeric codes used in entering the data into the computer. Since version 2.0, there have been major changes in terms of data accuracy and variable structure. Most of variable names and codes have also been changed. Users are reminded to be aware of these changes. When we updated the data set, we found some variables like YRSUS, YRSCA, YRSOCC and YRSEMP have some abnormal values when being compared with other variables like AGE and AGEWK. We entered those data exactly as they were in the survey report. Users themselves should use their own judgement to correct them. Some other variables like RENT, BOARD and BOARDL have no units except being indicated. We added three more variables, which were URENT, UBOARD and UBOARDL, to include those units respectively. Again, user themselves should use their judgement to identify the units for rest of the values. The data from this sample of 3,493 wage-earners in California in 1892 has been archived at the Laboratory for Historical Research at the University of California, Riverside. For additional information regarding the availability of these data please contact: Professor Roger Ransom Department of History University of California Riverside, CA 92521 FAX [909] 787-5299 RERERENCE Burchell, R. A. The San Francisco Irish 1848-1880. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. California Bureau of Labor Statistics. Fifth Biennial Report. Sacramento, California, 1893. Carter, Susan B. and Peter Philips. "Technology, Work Organization and the Gender Gap in Manufacturing Wages, 1830-1980," in Katherine Abraham and Robert McKersie, eds., New Developments in the Labor Market: Toward a New Institutional Paradigm. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990, pp. 213-238. Friedman, Gerald. "Politics and Union Growth: Unions and the Labor Movement in France and the United States." Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1986. Table 1 Questions Asked of Respondents Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Name Description ID Case Number IND Industry OCC Occupation AGE Age SEX Sex MS Marital Status POB Place of Birth YRSUS Years in the United States YRSCA Years in California UWAGE Unit of Wage Level WAGE Wages TOTEAR Annual Earnings STARTWK Time Starts Work ENDWK Time Ends Work LUNCH Minutes for Lunch DLOSTSIC Days Lost Due to Illness NOWORK Days Lost Due to No Work DLOSTOTH Days Lost Due to Other Reasons AGEWK Age Began Working HEALTHB Health When Began Working HEALTHN Health Now YRSOCC Years in Present Employment YRSEMP Years with Present Employer OWNHM Own or Rent Home ROOMS Number of Rooms URENT Units of Rent RENT Amount Paid for Rent UBOARD Units of Board BOARD Amount Paid for Board UBOARDL Units of Board and Lodging BOARDL Amount Paid for Board and Lodging DEP Number of Dependents BENESOC Member of a Beneficent Society UNION Member of a Labor Organization BENEFIT Weekly Benefits in Dollars OTHBEN Other Benefits Table 2 Characteristics of Manufacturing Industries Sampled, San Francisco, 1890 and 1900 (See Table 30 for selected mean values by industry.) Name Description FIRMS Number of Establishments, 1890, HIRED Value of Hired Property, 1890, in thousands INVEST Value of Direct Investment, 1890, Aggregate, in thousands LAND Value of Plant, Land, 1890, in thousands BUILD Value of Plant, Buildings, 1890, in thousands MACH Value of Machinery in 1890 STOCK Value of Live Assets, Stock, 1890, in thousands RENTF Rent Paid of Tenancy, 1890, in thousands REPAIR Value of Repairs, 1890, in hundreds MOP Male Operatives, 1890 FOP Female Operatives, 1890 MPR Male Piece Rate Workers, 1890 FPR Female Piece Rate Workers, 1890 PROD Value of Total Product, 1890, in thousands VALM Value of Assets and Materials, 1890 FIRMS0 Number of Firms in 1900 MACHS0 Value of Machinery in 1900 KS0 Value of Capital 1900 MATS0 Value of Materials in 1900 MENS0 Male Wage Earners in 1900 WOMS0 Female Wage Earners in 1900 LANDS0 Value of Land (in hundreds) 1900 BUILDS0 Value of Buildings (in hundreds) 1900 RENTS0 Value of Rent (in hundreds) 1900 PRODS0 Value of Total Product (in hundreds) 1900 Table 3 Industrial Distribution of Survey Respondents Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Industry Industry Name in Code Name in Report Census of Manufactures Frequency 1 Bagmakers Bags, other than paper 53 2 Bakers Bread and other bakery products 20 3 Basket Makers Baskets, rattan and willow 27 4 Billard-table Makers Billiard tables 4 5 Bookbinding Bookbinding 58 6 Boxmakers Boxes, wooden 55 7 Brass Workers Brass casting, Brassware, 151 Plumbers supplies 8 Brewery Liquors, malt 210 9 Bricklayers Masonry, brick and stone 50 10 Builders and Mill Workers Wood, turned and carved 45 11 Candy Store Missing 11 12 Candymakers Confectionery 71 13 Carpenters Carpentering 90 14 Carriage and Wagon Shops Carriages and Wagons 22 15 Chemical Works Chemicals 10 16 Cigar Workmen Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes 157 17 Coast Sailors Missing 108 18 Coopers Cooperage 22 19 Corset Houses Corsets 20 20 Dressmaking Dressmaking 33 21 Dry Goods Employees Missing 122 22 Flour Mills Flouring and grist mill products 23 23 Flower Workers Artificial flowers and feathers 8 24 Furniture Furniture, factory product 138 25 Gasfitting Plumbing and gasfitting 8 26 Glassmaking Glass, cutting and staining 30 27 Harness-makers Saddlery and harness 91 28 Horse Car Roads Missing 24 29 Iron Workers Foundry and machine shop prod. 157 30 Jewelry Jewelry 23 31 Lithography Lithographing 78 32 Manufacturing Patent medicine and compounds Pharmacists 24 33 Mill worker Sash and Door Lumber, planmill prod. 89 34 Milliner Millinery and lace goods 26 35 Miscellaneous Missing 59 36 Notions and Fancy Goods Missing 64 37 Painters Painting and paper hanging 21 38 Picture-Frame Wood, turned and carved 93 39 Plasters Plastering and stucco work 29 40 Pottery Brick and tile 9 41 Printing Printing, book and job 113 42 Printing, morning paper Printing, newspapers 24 43 Reed or Rattan Baskets, rattan and willow 25 44 Ship Carpenters Shipbuilding 60 45 Shirtmaking Shirts 33 46 Shoemakers Boot and shoe, factory product 257 47 Soap and Candles Soap and candles 15 48 Stonecutters Marble and stone work 44 49 Straw Hats Hats and caps, not wool 11 50 Street RRs Missing 205 51 Tailoring Men's clothing, custom and factory product 156 52 Tanners Leather, tanned 67 53 Telegraph Missing 32 54 Tinners Tinsmithing 80 55 Trunk-makers Trunks and valises 38 Total 3,493 Table 4 Occupations of Surveyed Workers [OCC] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Code Response Frequency 1 Amalgamator 1 2 Apprentice 54 3 Artist 1 4 Bagmaker 47 5 Baker 17 6 Barrer 1 7 Bartender 2 8 Basket maker 26 9 Beamster 3 10 Bench hand 2 11 Billiard-table maker 4 12 Blacksmith 9 13 Block hand 1 14 Boat builder 10 15 Bookbinder 41 16 Bookkeeper 7 17 Bottler 9 18 Bottomer 4 19 Boxmaker 47 20 Brass worker 24 21 Brewer 71 22 Bricklayer 32 23 Buffer 1 24 Burner 1 25 Buttonhole maker 2 26 Cabinetmaker 45 27 Cable conductor 106 28 Calker 19 29 Candymaker 34 30 Car repairer 2 31 Car starter 1 32 Carpenter 110 33 Carriage trimmer 2 34 Carriagesmith 4 35 Carrier-in 2 36 Carver 10 37 Case-maker 1 38 Caser and booker 1 39 Cash boy or girl 11 40 Cashier 5 41 Cashier assistant 1 42 Caster 1 43 Cellarman 7 44 Chairmaker 2 45 Cigar maker 112 46 Cigarbox maker 24 47 Clamper 2 48 Clerk 16 49 Cloakmaker 7 50 Closer 1 51 Coatmaker 1 52 Collar-maker 4 53 Collar-stuffer 2 54 Color grinder 1 55 Compositor 68 56 Conductor 9 57 Cook 1 58 Cooper 44 59 Coremaker 3 60 Corset maker 7 61 Counter skiver 2 62 Crimper 2 63 Currier 18 64 Cutter 68 65 Cutter and patternmaker 1 66 Diamond setter 2 67 Die-maker 1 68 Dipper 10 69 Distributer 1 70 Door and sashmaker 1 71 Door-clamper 1 72 Draughtsman and designer 1 73 Dresser 1 74 Dressmaker 10 75 Driver 43 76 Edge belter 3 77 Edgemaker 1 78 Electroplater 3 79 Engineer 19 80 Engraver 29 81 Errand boy, girl 26 82 Faucet grinder 1 83 Feeder 1 84 Filer 3 85 Finisher 102 86 Fireman 5 87 Fitter 66 88 Flesher 4 89 Floorwalker 1 90 Flower and feather maker 7 91 Fluter 2 92 Folder 15 93 Foreman, forewoman 53 94 Foreman assistant 1 95 Foundryman 1 96 Framer 2 97 Fruit-can maker 33 98 Furniture-maker 6 99 Gatherer 4 100 Gilder 35 101 Glassblower 12 102 Glazier 1 103 Grainer 1 104 Grinder 2 105 Gripman 99 106 Handyman 2 107 Heel burnisher 3 108 Heel finisher 5 109 Heeler 4 110 Helper 42 111 Hide scraper 1 112 Hod-carrier 13 113 Horse-boot maker 4 114 Hostler 2 115 Ironer 49 116 Jeweler 15 117 Joiner 32 118 Kiln-setter 1 119 Labeler 6 120 Laborer 118 121 Lacquerer 8 122 Laster 27 123 Lead burner 1 124 Leveler 1 125 Lineman 12 126 Liner 5 127 Longshoreman 3 128 Lumper 1 129 Machine hand 19 130 Machinist 81 131 Maker 82 132 Malster 17 133 Manager 6 134 Mangler 13 135 Map mounter 1 136 Mason 5 137 Miller 7 138 Milliner 14 139 Mixer 2 140 Mold boy 2 141 Molder 34 142 Molding preparer 1 143 Mounter 2 144 Nailer 2 145 Nickelplater 1 146 Oiler 3 147 Onyx worker 5 148 Operator 63 149 Ornamenter 5 150 Packer 23 151 Padder 1 152 Pager 1 153 Painter 30 154 Passepartout maker 1 155 Passer-over 2 156 Paster 6 157 Patternmaker 6 158 Pharmacist 3 159 Planer 2 160 Plasterer 26 161 Plumber 7 162 Polisher 30 163 Porter 3 164 Press feeder 10 165 Pressboy 1 166 Pressman 40 167 Printer 14 168 Proofreader 3 169 Rigger 10 170 Roller 1 171 Rounder 1 172 Roustabout 1 173 Ruler 6 174 Saddler 11 175 Sailmaker 1 176 Sailor 105 177 Saleslady 66 178 Sashmaker 4 179 Sawmaker 6 180 Sawyer 16 181 Seamster 1 182 Seater 1 183 Sewer 5 184 Shaper, Shapper 3 185 Shipping clerk 5 186 Shoe falle worker 1 187 Shoemaker 3 188 Skirtmaker 5 189 Soap and Candle maker 15 190 Sock-liner 3 191 Sodaman 1 192 Sole leather worker 1 193 Sorter 9 194 Spinner 1 195 Stableman 5 196 Stair-builder 5 197 Stamper 1 198 Stayer 3 199 Stitcher 4 200 Starcher 8 201 Stenographer 1 202 Sticker 2 203 Stockkeeper 6 204 Stone grinder 1 205 Stonecutter 16 206 Striker-out 1 207 Stripper 12 208 Sweat-pad maker 1 209 Tailor 91 210 Tailoress 54 211 Tanner 28 212 Teamster 19 213 Tentmaker 2 214 Tilesetter 3 215 Tinsmith 42 216 Toe seamer 2 217 Toolmaker 1 218 Transfer man 9 219 Treer 6 220 Trimmer 10 221 Trunk-liner 9 222 Trunk-maker 21 223 Turner 21 224 Typewriter 1 225 Upholsterer 49 226 Utility man 1 227 Vamper 10 228 Varnisher 4 229 Wagon-smith 6 230 Waistmaker 5 231 Waitress 4 232 Washer 15 233 Whip maker 1 234 Whitner 1 235 Wiper 1 236 Winder 4 237 Wirer 1 238 Woodworker 2 239 Wrapper 10 Total 3,493 Table 5 Age [AGE] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Age or code Frequency -9(No response) 81 10 - 15 years old 131 16 - 20 738 21 - 25 692 26 - 30 632 31 - 35 401 36 - 40 308 41 - 45 195 46 - 50 135 51 - 55 72 56 - 60 59 60 - 65 41 66 - 76 8 Total 3,493 Table 6 Sex [SEX] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 35 1 Male 2,824 2 Female 634 Total 3,493 Table 7 Marital Status [MS] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 95 1 Single 2,328 2 Married 1,070 Total 3,493 Table 8 Place of Birth [POB] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 122 1 Alabama 1 2 Alaska 4 3 Alsace 3 4 Arizona 1 5 Atlantic Ocean 1 6 Australia 20 7 Austria 23 8 Azores Island 3 9 Bavaria 5 10 Belgium 3 11 Bohemia 2 12 California 963 13 Canada 55 14 Colorado 3 15 Connecticut 5 16 Cuba 8 17 Delaware 5 18 Denmark 36 19 District of Columbia 1 20 England 165 21 Finland 9 22 Foreigner 1 23 France 29 24 Georgia 4 25 Germany 374 26 Holland 3 27 Hungary 5 28 Illinois 40 29 Indiana 12 30 Iowa 13 31 Ireland 284 32 Isle of Man 1 33 Italy 29 34 Kansas 2 35 Kentucky 10 36 Louisiana 7 37 Maine 36 38 Maryland 15 39 Massachusetts 80 40 Mexico 9 41 Michigan 10 42 Minnesota 6 43 Mississippi 2 44 Missouri 25 45 Netherlands 1 46 Nevada 16 47 New Brunswick 10 48 New Hampshire 11 49 New Jersey 13 50 New York 179 51 New Zealand 4 52 Norway 42 53 Nova Scotia 15 54 Ocean 1 55 Ohio 52 56 Ontario 3 57 Oregon 11 58 Panama 1 59 Pennsylvania 40 60 Peru 1 61 Poland 13 62 Portugal 9 63 Prince Edward Island 5 64 Prussia 2 65 Rhode Island 4 66 Russia 13 67 Sandwich Islands 2 68 Saxony 1 69 Scotland 57 70 Serbia 1 71 South Carolina 2 72 Spain 1 73 Sweden 151 74 Switzerland 33 75 Tennessee 7 76 Texas 3 77 The Plains 1 78 United States 314 79 Utah 1 80 Vermont 4 81 Virginia 1 82 Wales 4 83 Washington 5 84 West Indies 2 85 West Virginia 5 86 Western Islands 1 87 Wisconsin 12 88 Wyoming 4 Total 3,493 Table 9 Years in the United States and in California Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Frequency Years Years in US Years in CA or code [YRSUS] [YRSCA] -9(No response) 2,182 2,152 0.06 - 5.00 years 288 557 5.01 - 10.00 379 318 10.01 - 15.00 176 132 15.01 - 20.00 144 161 20.01 - 25.00 126 94 25.01 - 30.00 79 34 30.01 - 35.00 45 25 35.01 - 40.00 32 11 40.01 - 45.00 27 8 45.01 - 70.00 15 1 Total 3,493 3,493 Table 10 Unit of Wage Level [UWAGE] Survey of California Wage Earners, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 139 1 Hour 10 2 Day 1,499 3 Week 1,515 4 Month 330 Total 3,493 Table 11 Wages [WAGE] Survey of California Wage Earners, 1892 Wage or code Frequency If answer to UWAGE in Table 10 is '-9', -9(No response) 139 If answer to UWAGE in Table 10 is '1', $0.20 - 0.45 10 If answer to UWAGE in Table 10 is '2', $0.50 - 1.00 94 1.01 - 2.00 382 2.01 - 3.00 612 3.01 - 4.00 285 4.01 - 5.00 86 5.01 - 10.00 40 If answer to UWAGE in Table 10 is '3', $0.50 - 5.00 306 5.01 - 10.00 504 10.01 - 15.00 409 15.01 - 20.00 227 20.01 - 25.00 55 25.01 - 65.00 14 If answer to UWAGE in Table 10 is '4', $7.50 - 20.00 78 20.01 - 40.00 143 40.01 - 60.00 50 60.01 - 80.00 20 80.01 - 100.00 27 100.01 - 300.00 12 Total 3,493 Table 12 Annual Earnings [TOTEAR] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 1,486 $70.00 - 200.00 80 200.01 - 300.00 201 300.01 - 400.00 160 400.01 - 500.00 179 500.01 - 600.00 212 600.01 - 700.00 263 700.01 - 800.00 283 800.01 - 900.00 183 900.01 - 1,000.00 189 1,000.01 - 1,100.00 96 1,100.01 - 1,200.00 54 1,200.01 - 1,300.00 63 1,300.01 - 3,600.00 44 Total 3,493 Table 13 Time at Which Work Starts [STARTWK] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Time or code Frequency -9(No response) 407 -7("No set time") 2 -6("12 hours") 92 -5("11 hours") 93 -4("10 hours") 54 -3("9.5 hours") 41 -2("9 hours") 15 -1("8 hours") 2 5:00 - 6:00 a.m. 19 6:01 - 6:30 1 6:31 - 7:00 1,699 7:01 - 7:30 23 7:31 - 8:00 1,010 8:01 - 8:30 3 8:31 - 9:00 17 9:01 - 12:00 p.m. 15 Total 3,493 Note: In the data set, ':'s were entered as '.'s. For example, 5:00 was entered as 5.00. Table 14 Time at Which Work Ends [ENDWK] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Time or code Frequency -9(No response) 407 -7("No set time") 2 -6("12 hours") 92 -5("11 hours") 93 -4("10 hours") 54 -3("9.5 hours") 41 -2("9 hours") 15 -1("8 hours") 2 3:45 - 4:00 p.m. 6 4:01 - 5:00 1,011 5:01 - 6:00 1,674 6:01 - 7:00 22 7:01 - 8:00 53 8:01 - 12:00 a.m. 21 Total 3,493 Note: In the data set, ':'s were entered as '.'s. For example, 5:00 was entered as 5.00. Table 15 Minutes for Lunch [LUNCH] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Minutes or code Frequency -9(No response) 437 10.00 - 20.00 minutes 24 20.01 - 30.00 1,294 30.01 - 40.00 218 40.01 - 50.00 313 50.01 - 60.00 1,170 60.01 - 70.00 33 70.01 - 90.00 4 Total 3,493 Table 16 Days Lost by Cause Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Frequency Days Illness No work Other or code [DLOSTSIC] [NOWORK] [DLOSTOTH] -9(No response) 2,554 2,303 3,036 0.50 - 10.00 days 392 109 113 10.01 - 20.00 211 136 91 20.01 - 30.00 126 196 104 30.01 - 40.00 37 53 31 40.01 - 50.00 14 50 11 50.01 - 60.00 63 161 83 60.01 - 70.00 7 17 3 70.01 - 80.00 39 105 10 80.01 - 90.00 6 28 2 90.01 - 100.00 0 12 0 100.01 - 306.00 44 323 9 Total 3,493 3,493 3,493 Table 17 Age Began Working [AGEWK] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Age or code Frequency -9(No response) 216 4 - 10 years old 171 10 - 15 1,762 16 - 20 1,245 21 - 25 77 26 - 30 16 31 - 44 6 Total 3,493 Table 18 Health Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Frequency Code Response When began work Now [HEALTHB] [HEALTHN] -9 No response 253 303 1 Good 3,168 2,797 2 Fair 46 267 3 Poor 26 111 4 Bad 0 7 5 Average 0 2 6 Better 0 6 Total 3,493 3,493 Table 19 Years in Present Employment and with Present Employer Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Frequency Years Employment Employer or code [YRSOCC] [YRSEMP] -9(No response) 518 453 0.00 - 5.00 years 1,376 2,442 5.01 - 10.00 575 386 10.01 - 15.00 376 112 15.01 - 20.00 270 65 20.01 - 25.00 141 20 25.01 - 30.00 92 8 30.01 - 35.00 48 6 35.01 - 40.00 51 0 40.01 - 58.00 46 1 Total 3,493 3,493 Note: '0.00' in the data set, in fact, represented '1 day' in the survey report. Table 20 Own or Rent a Home [OWNHM] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 2,207 1 Own 279 2 Rent 767 3 (A)partment 240 Total 3,493 Table 21 Number of Rooms [ROOMS] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Rooms or code Frequency -9(No response) 2,230 0.50 - 1.00 room 380 2.00 - 3.00 223 4.00 - 5.00 429 6.00 - 7.00 166 8.00 - 9.00 41 10.00 - 18.00 24 Total 3,493 Note: '0.50' in the data set was shown as '1/2' in the survey report. Table 22 Units for Rent, Board, and Board and Lodging Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Frequency Code Response Rent Board Board/Lodging [URENT] [UBOARD] [UBOARDL] -9 No response 2,327 3,054 2,839 -8 Unspecified unit 1,158 400 594 1 Day 0 0 1 2 Week 0 5 13 3 Month 8 34 46 Total 3,493 3,493 3,493 Table 23 Amount Paid for Rent [RENT] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Rent or code Frequency If answer to URENT in Table 22 is '-9', -9(No response) 2,327 If answer to URENT in Table 22 is '-8', $1.00 - 5.00 189 5.01 - 10.00 370 10.01 - 15.00 310 15.01 - 20.00 174 20.01 - 25.00 50 25.01 - 30.00 35 30.01 - 35.00 8 35.01 - 40.00 8 40.01 - 70.00 14 If answer to URENT in Table 22 is '3', $6.00 - 14.00 10 Total 3,493 Table 24 Amount Paid for Board [BOARD] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Board or code Frequency If answer to UBOARD in Table 22 is '-9', -9(No response) 3,054 If answer to UBOARD in Table 22 is '-8', $2.00 - 3.00 22 3.01 - 4.00 119 4.01 - 5.00 173 5.01 - 6.00 34 6.01 - 7.00 32 7.01 - 8.00 6 8.01 - 9.00 1 9.01 - 10.00 4 10.01 - 27.50 9 If answer to UBOARD in Table 22 is '2', $3.50 - 7.00 5 If answer to UBOARD in Table 22 is '3', $14.00 - 15.00 7 15.01 - 20.00 22 20.01 - 25.00 4 25.01 - 36.00 1 Total 3,493 Table 25 Amount Paid for Board and Lodging [BOARDL] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Value or code Frequency If answer to UBOARDL in Table 22 is '-9', -9(No response) 2,839 If answer to UBOARDL in Table 22 is '-8', $1.00 - 2.00 6 2.01 - 3.00 20 3.01 - 4.00 49 4.01 - 5.00 288 5.01 - 6.00 115 6.01 - 7.00 54 7.01 - 8.00 20 8.01 - 9.00 3 9.01 - 10.00 2 10.01 - 35.00 37 If answer to UBOARDL in Table 22 is '1', $1.00 1 If answer to UBOARDL in Table 22 is '2', $2.50 - 5.00 10 5.01 - 10.00 2 10.01 - 15.00 1 If answer to UBOARDL in Table 22 is '3', $8.00 - 15.00 6 15.01 - 20.00 15 20.01 - 25.00 18 25.01 - 30.00 7 Total 3,493 Table 26 Number of Dependents [DEP] Survey of 3,493 Wage-Earners in California, 1892 Number or code Frequency -9(No response 2,352 1 person 277 2 258 3 254 4 174 5 99 6 43 7 26 8 4 9 4 11 1 13 1 Total 3,493 Table 27 Member of Beneficent Society, Labor Organization Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Frequency Code Response Benefit Society Labor Org. [BENESOC] [UNION] -9 No response 1,002 910 1 No 1,292 1,542 2 Yes 1,199 1,041 Total 3,493 3,493 Table 28 Weekly Benefits [BENEFIT] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Value or code Frequency -9(No response) 2,506 -8(Only other benefits[OTHBEN]) 13 $1.00 - 5.00 88 5.01 - 10.00 675 10.01 - 15.00 74 15.01 - 20.00 107 20.00 - 25.00 11 25.00 - 30.00 11 30.01 - 350.00 8 Total 3,493 Table 29 Other Benefits [OTHBEN] Survey of 3,493 California Wage Earners, 1892 Code Response Frequency -9 No response 2,506 -8 Only weekly benefits[BENEFIT] 793 1 $2000 at death 1 2 Burial expenses 6 3 Death benefit 2 4 Doctor 14 5 Doctor and burial expenses 1 6 Doctor and med. 162 7 Expenses 2 8 Free hospital 6 Total 3,493 Table 30 Mean Values Selected Industrial Characteristics San Francisco Industries, 1890 and 1900 Code Industry Employment Firm Size Capital /Labor 1890 1900 1890 1900 1890 1900 1 Bagmakers 126 223 25 27 1,754 3,561 2 Bakers 760 784 5 6 1,197 1,245 3 Basket Makers 30 93 4 12 933 871 4 Billiard-table Makers 30 13 8 4 2,233 1,846 5 Bookbinding 229 154 13 13 646 396 6 Boxmakers 365 330 52 55 1,337 1,239 7 Brass Workers 196 327 13 30 1,342 2,272 8 Brewery Workmen 478 441 25 18 9,157 1,0707 9 Bricklayers 187 90 19 11 1,193 355 10 Builders and Mill workers 43 24 2 2 651 750 11 Candy Store -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 12 Candymakers 338 460 8 6 1,172 1,024 13 Carpenters 970 702 6 4 648 504 14 Carriage and Wagon Shops 486 406 7 8 1,247 1,424 15 Chemical Works 126 144 10 14 5,786 6,181 16 Cigar Workmen 2,268 970 14 9 763 520 17 Coast Sailors -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 18 Coopers 393 329 16 14 1,756 1,173 19 Corset Houses 17 19 2 2 118 105 20 Dressmaking 3,529 947 14 6 65 284 21 Dry Goods -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 22 Flour Mills 180 251 16 28 6,117 7,928 23 Flower Workers 7 -- 1 -- 571 --- 24 Furniture 607 487 25 22 1,269 715 25 Gasfitting 673 638 6 3 585 914 26 Glassmaking 78 84 10 5 1,128 500 27 Harness-makers 418 292 8 5 3,249 2,548 28 Horse Car Roads -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 29 Iron Workers 2,526 3,146 26 31 1,895 1,661 30 Jewelry 223 213 6 10 1,937 676 31 Lithography 224 330 32 55 1,589 1,536 32 Manufacturing Pharmacists 55 176 2 6 2,709 2,830 33 Mill Worker 799 563 26 21 881 908 34 Milliner 52 101 10 13 1,038 307 35 Miscellaneous -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 36 Notions and Fancy Goods -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 37 Painters 672 877 6 5 378 250 38 Picture Frame Makers 43 24 2 2 651 750 39 Plasterers 86 24 9 2 1,244 1,250 40 Pottery workers 314 0 79 -- 1,360 --- 41 Printing 821 1,122 11 11 1,191 1,222 42 Printing (newspapers) 1,293 951 12 8 2,005 1,487 43 Reed or Rattan 30 93 4 12 933 871 44 Ship Carpenters 1,374 329 55 16 1,299 340 45 Shirtmaking 980 580 20 22 318 440 46 Shoemakers 2,254 823 41 36 743 1,435 47 Soap and candles 173 168 12 10 4428 4,887 48 Stonecutters 197 186 12 12 1701 2,796 49 Straw hats 108 85 7 8 741 1,388 50 Street Railroads -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 51 Tailors 2,639 3,296 7 8 692 521 52 Tanners 565 56 15 27 2,584 2,165 53 Telegraph -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 54 Tinners 78 44 8 23 2,441 1,636 55 Trunk-makers 115 113 16 16 1,896 1,319