A. How did agriculture contribute to the Industrial Revolution?

W.H. Newell, "The Agricultural Revolution in Nineteenth Century France," Journal of Economic History, Dec. 1973.

George Grantham, "The Diffusion of the New Husbandry in Northern France," Journal of Economic History, June 1978.

Robert Allen and Cormac O'Grada, "On the Road Again with Arthur Young," Journal of Economic History (1988): 93-116.

Paul Bairoch, "Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution 1700-1914," Fontana Economic History of Europe vol. 3.

Brinley Thomas, "Food Supply in the United Kingdom During the Industrial Revolution," in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution.

N.F.R. Crafts, "Income Elasticities of Demand and the Release of Labor by Agriculture During the British Industrial Revolution," in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution.

E. L. Jones, "Agriculture and economic growth in England, 1660-1750: Agricultural Change", Journal of Economic History 25:1 (March 1965), 1-18; reprinted in his collection, Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution, ch. 3, pp. 67-84.

Robert Allen, "Agriculture during the Industrial Revolution", in Floud and McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, second edition, vol. 1.

P. K. O'Brien, "Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution", Economic History Review 2nd. ser. 30:1, (February 1977), 166-181.

Gregory Clark, "Agriculture and the Industrial Revolution, 1700-1850", ch. 4 in Mokyr, British Industrial Revolution, pp. 227-266.

Grantham, George (1989), "Agricultural Supply During the Industrial Revolution: French Evidence and European Implications," Journal of Economic History 89(1) 43-72

E. W. Gilboy, "Demand as a Factor in the Industrial Revolution," in R.M. Hartwell, ed. The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England; reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

Joel Mokyr, "Demand vs. Supply in the Industrial Revolution," in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution, reprinted from Jour. of Econ. Hist., 1977.

B. Did enclosures free capital and labor for the Industrial Revolution?

J.D. Chambers, "Enclosures and the Supply of Labour", Economic History Review V:3 (1953).

McCloskey, Donald (1975), "The Economics of Enclosure," in W. N. Parker and E. L. Jones (eds.), European Peasants and Their Markets

N.F.R. Crafts, "Enclosure and the Labour Supply Revisited", Explorations in Economic History 15:2 (April 1978), pp. 172-183.Michael Turner, "Cost, Finance, and Parliamentary Enclosure", Economic History Review XXXIV:2 (May 1981), pp. 236-248.

John Saville, "Primitive Accumulation and Early Industrialisation in Britain", Socialist Register, 1969.

G. Philpot, "Enclosure and Population Growth in 18th Century England," EEH (January 1975), pp. 29-46. See M. Turner's "Parliamentary Enclosure and Population Change in England, 1750-1830," Explorations in Economic History (October 1976) and Philpot's reply, pp. 463-472.

J.S. Cohen and M.L. Weitzman, "A Marxian Model of Enclosures," JDE (Feb. 1975).

N.F.R. Crafts, "Income Elasticities of Demand and the Release of Labour by Agriculture during the British Industrial Revolution", Journal of European Economic History 9:1 (Spring 1980), pp. 153-168. Reprinted, with revisions, in Mokyr, Industrial Revolution, pp. 151-163.

R.C. Allen, "The Efficiency and Distributional Consequences of Eighteenth Century Enclosures," Economic Journal (December 1982), pp. 937-53.

Jan. 27 Industry and trade before industrialization

Is "proto-industrialization," as defined and elaborated by Franklin Mendels, a useful concept in organizing our knowledge about the causes or sources of "modern" industrial development?

F. Mendels, "Proto-industrialization: The First Stage of the Industrialization Process," Journal of Economic History, March 1972.

Myron P. Gutmann, Toward the Modern Economy: Early Industry in Europe, 1500-1800.

Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures 1700-1820, pp. 48-91.

Peter Kreidte, Hans Medick, Jurgen Schlumbohm, Industrialization before Industrialization

Houston, Rab and K.D.M. Snell, "Protoindustrialization? Cottage Industry, Social Change and Industrial Revolution," Historical Journal 27:2 (1984)

E. L. Jones, "Agricultural Origins of Industry", Past and Present 40 (1968), pp. 58-71.

Feb. 3 The British Model

Why was England first?

N.F.R. Crafts, "Industrial Revolution in England and France: Some Thoughts on the Question 'Why was England First?'" and comment by W.W. Rostow, Economic History Review 30(1977): 429-41 reprinted in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution.

N.F.R. Crafts, "Macroinventions, economic growth, and 'industrial revolution' in Britain and France," The Economic History Review August 1995 v48; David S. Landes, "Some further thoughts on accident in history: a reply to Professor Crafts," The Economic History Review August 1995 vol. 48 n3.

F. Crouzet, "England and France in the Eighteenth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Two Economic Growths," in R.M. Hartwell, ed. The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England.

Crafts, N.F.R. (1984), "Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830-1910: A Review of the Evidence," Journal of Economic History 54(1), 49-67

Feb. 10 Continental alternatives: France

Is the pattern of industrialization on the Continent -- a different pattern from that of Britain -- an indicator of Continental backwardness relative to Britain, or just a different path to industrial growth?

R. Roehl, "French Industrialization: A Reconsideration," Explor. in Econ. Hist., 1976.

Robert R. Locke, "French Industrialization: The Roehl Thesis Reconsidered" and Richard Roehl, "French Industrialization: A Reply," Explorations in Economic History 18 (1981): 415-435.

Robert Aldrich, "Late-comer or Early Starter? New Views on French Economic History," Journal of European Economic History (1987): 89-100.

John Vincent Nye, "Firm Size and Economic Backwardness: A New Look at the French Industrialization Debate," Journal of Economic History XLVII (Sept. 1987)

Rondo Cameron and Charles E. Freedman, "French Economic Growth: A Radical Revision," Social Science History 7 (1983): 3-30.

Feb. 17 Continental alternatives: Germany

Did tariffs, cartels, and the predominance of large banks shape the structure and growth of German industry?

Webb, Steven B. "Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879-1914," Journal of Economic History 40:2 (1980

Richard Tilly, "Mergers, External Growth, and Finance in the Development of Large-Scale Enterprise in Germany, 1880-1913", Journal of Economic History 42:3 (September 1982).

Robert C. Allen, "International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850-1913", Journal of Economic History 39:4 (Dec. 1979), 911-938.

Steven B. Webb, "Agricultural Productivity in Wilhelmenian Germany: Forging an Empire with Pork and Rye", Journal of Economic History XLII:2 (June 1982), pp. 309-326. See also Karl Hardach, "Wheat, Rye, and the Sources of German Protection: A Comment on Webb's Article", Journal of Economic History XLIII:2 (June, 1983), p. 481, with Webb's "Reply", p. 482.

James C. Hunt, "Peasants, Grain Tariffs, and Meat Quotas: Imperial German Protectionism Reexamined," Central European History 7 (1973), pp. 311-331.

Feb. 24 Technology

A. Is innovation independent of other aspects of the economy or does innovation respond to demand?

B. How important was science in the Industrial Revolution?

William N. Parker, "The pre-history of the nineteenth century", ch. 2 of Parker, Europe, America, and the Wider World, vol. 1.

Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches, 81-192, 273-99.

Charles K. Harley, "The shift from sailing ships to steamships, 1850-1890: a study in technological diffusion," in Donald McCloskey, ed., Essays on a Mature Economy: Britain after 1840

Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell, Jr., "The Link between Science and Wealth", Chapter 8 of How the West Grew Rich. pp. 242-268.

J.B. Morrell, "Bourgeois scientific societies and industrial innovation in Britain, 1780-1850," Journal of European Economic History Fall 1995 vol. 24.

Mar. 3 Standards of living

A. Did the standard of living in Britain improve before 1850?

E.J. Hobsbawm, "The British Standard of Living, 1790-1850," A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution; reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

R.M. Hartwell, "The Rising Standard of Living in England, 1800-1850," A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution; reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

E.J. Hobsbawm, "The Standard of Living Debate," A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution

R.M. Hartwell and S. Engerman, "Models of Immiseration: the theoretical basis of pessimism," A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution

T. S. Ashton, "The Standard of Life of the Workers in England, 1790-1830", Journal of Economic History, Supplement IX (1949), as reprinted in Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living, ch. 3, pp. 37-57.

Joel Mokyr, "Is There Still Life in the Pessimist Case? Consumption During the Industrial Revolution, 1790-1850" Journal of Economic History, (1988): 69-92.

G.N. von Tunzelmann, "The Standard of Living Debate and Optimal Economic Growth," in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution.

E.P. Thompson, "The Making of the English Working Class: Standards and Experiences," A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution

E. J. Hobsbawm, "The human results of the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850", ch. 4 of his Industry and Empire, Baltimore: Penguin, 1968, pp. 79-96.

Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson, "English Workers' Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look", Economic History Review, 2nd. ser. 36:1 (February 1983), 1-25; reprinted in Mokyr, Economics of the Industrial Revolution, ch. 9. pages: 25

John C. Brown, "The Condition of England and the Standard of Living: Cotton Textiles in the Northwest, 1806-1850", Journal of Economic History 50:3 (Sept. 1990), 591-614.

B. Did the quality of life deteriorate during the early Industrial Revolution?

R. Floud, K. Wachter, and A. Gregory, Height, Health, and History: Nutritional Status in the United Kingdom 1750-1980.

R. Steckel and R. Floud, Health and Welfare during Industrialization

Roderick Floud and Kenneth Wachter, "Poverty and Physical Stature: Evidence on the Standard of Living of London Boys 1770- 1870, Social Science History 6 (1982), pp. 422-452.

Stephen Nicholas and Richard H. Steckel, "Heights and living standards of English workers during the early years of industrialization, 1770-1815", Journal of Economic History 51:4 (December 1991), 937-957.

Stephen Nicholas and Deborah Oxley, "The living standards of women during the industrial revolution, 1795-1820", Economic History Review 2nd. ser. 46:4 (Nov. 1993), 723-49.

Carole Shammas, "Food Expenditure and Economic Well-Being in Early Modern England", Journal of Economic History XLIII:1 (March 1983), pp. 89-100. See comment by John Komlos, Journal of Economic History XLVIII:1 (March 1988), p. 149.

Jeffrey G. Williamson, "Urban Disamenities, Dark Satanic Mills, and the British Standard of Living Debate," Journal of Economic History XLI:1 (March 1981), pp. 75-84.

Jeffrey G. Williamson, "Was the Industrial Revolution Worth It? Disamenities and Death in 19th-Century Towns," Explorations in Economic History 19 (1982), pp. 221-245.

John Komlos, "Patterns of Children's Growth in East-Central Europe in the Eighteenth Century," Annals of Human Biology 13 (1986), pp. 33-48.

John Komlos, "Stature and Nutrition in the Habsburg Monarchy: The Standard of Living and Economic Development in the Eithteenth Century," American Historical Review 90 (1985), pp. 1149-1161.

N.F.R. Crafts, "Some dimensions of the 'quality of life' during the British industrial revolution," Economic History Review L (1997): 617-39.

Mar. 10 Work and family life

A. How did the contributions of women and children change during the industrial revolution?

Louise Tilly and Joan Scott, Women, Work, and Family.

Joan Scott and Louise Tilly, "Women's Work and the Family in Nineteenth-Century Europe," Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (January 1975).

C. Nardinelli, "Child Labor and the Factory Acts," Jour. of Econ. Hist. 1980, pp. 739-755.

Sara Horrell and Jane Humphries, "Old questions, new data, and alternative perspectives: Families' living standards in the Industrial Revolution", Journal of Economic History 52:4 (December 1992), 849-880.

John S. Lyons, "Family response to economic decline: Handloom weavers in early nineteenth- century Lancashire", Research in Economic History 12 (1989), 45-91.

Jane Humphries, "Enclosures, common rights and women: The proletarianization of families in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries", Journal of Economic History 50:1 (March 1990), 17-42.

Jane Humphries, (1987), "'The Most Free from Objection...':The Sexual Division of Labor and Women in 19th Century England," Journal of Economic History 47(4), 929-950

George Alter, "Work and Income in the Family Economy: Belgium, 1853 and 1891," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15 (1984): 255-276.

Maxine Berg, "Women's work, mechanization and the early phases of industrialization in England", in Patrick Joyce, ed., The Historical Meanings of Work (1987)

Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, "Women's work, gender conflict, and labour markets in Europe, 1500-1900", Economic History Review 2nd. ser. 44:4 (Nov. 1991), 608-28.

Sonya Rose, "'Gender at work': Sex, class and industrial capitalism," History Workshop 11 (1985): 113-31.

Maxine Berg and Pat Hudson, "Rehabilitating the industrial revolution", Economic History Review 2nd. ser. 45:1 (February 1992), 24-50.

B. What do bosses do?

Marglin. S. 1976. What Do Bosses Do? in André Gorz. ed. The Division of Labour: The Labour Process and the Class Struggle ... pp. 13-54.

Landes. D.S. 1986. What Do Bosses Really Do? Journal of Economic History September.

Clark, Gregory. 1994. "Factory Discipline." Journal of Economic History 54 (no. 1): 128-63

Thompson, E. P. (1967), "Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," Past and Present, 56-97.

Rick Szostak .1989. "The Organization of Work, The Emergence of the Factory Revisited." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 11: 343-58.

Eric Hobsbawm, "Customs, Wages, and Work Loads in Nineteenth Century England", in Briggs and Saville, eds., Essays in Labour History.

Neil Mckendrick, "Josiah Wedgewood and factory discipline," Historical Journal 4:1 (1961).

Mar. 17 Spring Break

Mar. 24 Entrepreneurship and management

A. Were French entrepreneurs too conservative?

D.S. Landes, "French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century," Jour. of Econ. Hist., 1949; reprinted in B. Supple, The Experience of Economic Growth; reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

R. Roehl, "French Industrialization: A Reconsideration," Explor. in Econ. Hist., 1976.

A. Gerschenkron, "Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development," Explor. in Econ. Hist., 1953-54; reprinted in Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective.

S.B. Clough, "Retardative Factors in French Economic Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries," Jour. of Econ. Hist. Supplement, 1946.

R. Cameron, "Economic Growth and Stagnation in France 1815-1914," Jour. of Mod. Hist. 1 958; reprinted in B. Supple, The Experience of Economic Growth; reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

Rondo Cameron and Charles E. Freedman, "French Economic Growth: A Radical Revision," Social Science History 7 (1983): 3-30.

B. Did Victorian Britain fail?

Donald N. McCloskey, "Did Victorian Britain Fail?" Economic History Review XXIII:3 (December 1970), pp. 446-459. See also N. F. R. Crafts, "Victorian Britain Did Fail," and D. N. McCloskey, "No It Did Not: A Reply to Crafts," Economic History Review XXXII:4 (Nov. 1979), pp. 533-537 and pp. 538-541, resp.(The previous three readings are included in Donald McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain, chs. 5 and 6.

Donald McCloskey, "From Damnation to Redemption: Judgements on the Late Victorian Entrepreneur," in Donald McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain, (reprinted from Explor. in Econ. Hist. 1971)

Robert Locke, The End of the Practical Man: Entrepreneurship and Higher Education in Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880-1940.

P.L. Payne, "Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain", Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII, Part 1, ch. 4, pp. 180-230.

Sidney Pollard, "Capitalism and Rationality: A Study of Measurement in British Coal Mining, 1750-1850," Explorations in Economic History 20:1 (January 1983), pp. 110-129.

Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management.

D. Aldcroft, "The Entrepreneur and the British Economy 1870-1914", Economic History Review XXII (1964), pp. 113-34.

D.C. Coleman, "Gentlemen and Players", Economic History Review XXVI:1 (Feb. 1973), pp. 92-116.

Peter Temin, "The Relative Decline of the British Steel Industry, 1880-1913", in Henry Rosovsky (ed.), Industrialization in Two Systems.

Mar. 31 Banking and Finance

A. Were modern banks necessary for the Industrial Revolution?

Peter Mathias, "Financing the Industrial Revolution", ch. 4 of Mathias & Davis, pp. 68-85.

Bertrand Gille, "Banking and Industrialisation in Europe 1730-1914," Fontana Economic History of Europe vol. 3.

Charles P. Kindleberger, "Financial Institutions and Economic Development: a Comparison of Great Britain and France in the 18th and 19th Centuries," Explorations in Economic History 21 (1984): 103-24.

D. Landes, "The Old Bank and the New: The Financial Revolution in the Nineteenth Century," in F. Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History 1789-1914

Svend Aage Hansen, "The transformation of bank structures in the industrial period: the case of Denmark," Journal of European Economic History 11 (1982): 575-603.

Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (1984).

B. Did German banks help or hinder economic development?

Richard Tilly, "Mergers, external growth, and finance in the development of large-scale enterprise in Germany, 1880-1913," Journal of Economic History, 42 (1982): 629-58.

H. Neuberger and H. Stokes, "German Banks and German Growth, 1883-1913: An Empirical View," Jour. of Econ. Hist., Sept. 1974.

R. Fremdling and R. Tilly, "German Banks, German Growth and Econometric History," and Neuberger and Stokes, "Reply," in Jour. of Econ. Hist., June 1976.

J. Komlos, "The Kreditbanker and German Growth," "Reply and Rejoinder," Jour. of Econ. Hist., June 1978.

Richard Tilly, "German Banking, 1850-1914: Development Assistance for the Strong," Journal of European Economic History 16 (1987): 113-152.

Apr. 7 Transportation and Trade

A. Were railroads a prerequisite for industrial development?

Patrick O'Brien, ed., Railways and the Econoomic Development of Western Europe, 1830-1914 (1983).

R. Fremdling, "Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis with Comparison to the U.S. and Great Britain," Jour. of Econ. Hist., Sept. 1977.

J. Metzer, "Railroad Development and Market Integration: The Case of Tsarist Russia," Jour. of Econ. Hist., Sept. 1974.

J. Metzer, "Railroads in Tsarist Russia: Direct Gains and Implications," Explor. in Econ. Hist., 1976.

S. Fenoaltea, "Railroads and Italian Industrial Growth," Explor. in Econ. Hist., Summer 1972.

B. Did Free Trade lead to greater economic growth?

A.G. Kenwood and A.L. Lougheed, The Growth of the International Economy 1820-1980.

Donald McCloskey, "From Dependence to Autonomy: Judgements on Trade as an Engine of British Growth," in Donald McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain

C.P. Kindleberger, "The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe 1820-1875," Jour. of Econ. Hist. 1975.

Donald McCloskey, "Magnanimous Albion: Free Trade and British National Income," in Donald McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain

William Ashworth, A Short History of the International Economy since 1850

W.O. Henderson, The Zollverein.

Ronald Findlay, "Trade and Growth in The Industrial Revolution", in C.P. Kindleberger and Guido di Tella, eds., Economics in the Long View: Essays in Honor of W. W. Rostow, vol. 1.

Apr. 14 Imperialism

A. Did Imperialism pay?

K.E. Boulding and T. Mukerjee, eds. Economic Imperialism

O'Brien, Patrick (1982), "European Economic Development: The Contribution of the Periphery," Economic History Review 35(1), 1-18

Davis, Lance and R. Huttenback, Mammon and the Pursuit of Empire.

T.J. Hatton, J.S. Lyons, and S.E. Satchell, "Eighteenth Century British Trade: Homespun or Empire Made?" Explorations in Economic History 20:2 (April 1983), pp. 163-182.

L.E. Davis, and R.A. Huttenback, "Public Expenditure and Private Profit: Budgetary Decision in the British Empire, 1860- 1912," American Economic Review, February 1977.

D.K. Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire, 1830-1914

A. G. Hopkins, "British Imperialism: a Review and a Revision", in New Directions in Economic and Social History edited by Anne Digby and Charles Feinstein, ch. 6.

P. K. O'Brien, "The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846-1914," Past and Present 120 (August 1988), pp. 163-200.

P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Overseas Expansion I. The Old Colonial System 1688-1850", Economic History Review XXXIX:4 (November 1986); and P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly Capitalism and British Overseas Expansion II. The New Imperialism, 1850-1945, Economic History Review XL (Feb. 1987)

P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, "The Political Economy of British Overseas Expansion", Economic History Review, 2nd series, 33 (November 1980).

James Foreman-Peck, A History of the World Economy, Ch. 4, "International Trade and European Domination, 1875-1914".

J.R. Ward, "The industrial revolution and British imperialism, 1750-1850," The Economic History Review Feb 1994 vol. 47.

B. Was Free Trade an imperialist strategy?

John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, "The Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review 1953

O. Macdonagh, "The Anti-Imperialism of Free Trade," Economic History Review XIV(1962): 489-501

D.C.M. Platt, "The Imperialism of Free Trade: Some Reservations," Economic History Review, 1968

A. G. Hopkins, "Economic Imperialism in West Africa: Lagos 1880- 92," Economic History Review 1968

D.C.M. Platt, "Further Objections to an Imperialism of Free Trade, 1830-1860", Economic History Review, XXVI:1 (February 1973), pp. 77-91.

W.M. Mathews, "The Imperialism of Free Trade: Peru 1820-1870", Economic History Review, XXI:3 (1968), pp. 562-579.

Carlos Manuel Pelaez, "The Theory and Reality of Imperialism in the Coffee Economy of Nineteenth Century Brazil," Economic History Review 1976

W.R. Louis, Imperialism: the Robinson and Gallagher Controversy

Apr. 21 Late industrialization and the advantages of backwardness

A. The advantages of backwardness

Ivan T. Berend and Gyorgy Ranki, Economic Development in East-Central Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries,

Lars G. Sandberg, "Ignorance, Poverty and Economic Backwardness in the Early Stages of European Industrialization: Variations on Alexander Gerschenkron's Grand Theme," Journal of European Economic History, (1982): 675-698.

William Ashworth, "Typologies and Evidence: Has Nineteenth Century Europe a Guide to Economic Growth?" Econ. Hist. Rev., Feb. 1977.

William Ashworth, "Backwardness, Discontinuity and Industrial Development," Econ. Hist. Rev., April 1970.

A. Gerschenkron, "Notes on the Role of Industrial Growth in Italy, 1881- 1913," in Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective.

Vaccaro, "Industrialization in Spain and Italy (1860-1914)"0, 709-52.

J. Komlos, "Economic Growth and Industrialization in Hungary, 1880-1913," Journal of European Economic History 1981, 5-46.

R.J. Olsen, "Gold, Foreign Capital and the Industrialization of Russia," Journal of European Economic History 1985, 143-54.

M.R. Jackson, "Industrial Output in Romania and the Historical Regions, 1880-1930," Journal of European Economic History 1986, Part I, pp. 59-112, Part II, pp. 231-58.

O. Okyar, "A New Look at the Problem of Economic Growth in the Ottoman Empire,1880-1914" Journal of European Economic History 1987, 7-50.

S. Heikkinen and R. Hjierpp, "The Growth of Finnish Industry in 1860-1913, Cuases and Linkages" Journal of European Economic History 1987, 227-245.

R. Joseph Harrison, An economic history of modern Spain

Peter Gattrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850-1917

C. Knick Harley, "Substitution for prerequisites: endogenous institutions and comparative economic history," in Patterns of European Industrialization edited byRichard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, pp. 29-44.

Richard Sylla, "The role of banks," in Patterns of European Industrialization edited byRichard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, pp. 45-63.

B. The role of the state in late industrialization

Barry Supple, "The State and the Industrial Revolution", Fontana Economic History of Europe vol. 3.

Wolfram Fischer, "Government Activity and Industrialization in Germany, 1815-1870," reprinted in Lieberman, Europe and the Industrial Revolution.

A. Kahan, "Government Policy and the Industrialization of Russia," Jour. of Econ. Hist., Dec. 1967.

C. Education and economic development

M. Sanderson, "Literacy and Social Mobility in the Industrial Revolution in England," Past and Present 1972, pp. 75-104.

E. G. West, "Literacy and the Industrial Revolution," in Mokyr, The Economics of the Industrial Revolution.

E. G. West, "Resource Allocation and Growth in Early Nineteenth- Century British Education," Economic History Review April 1970

J.S. Hurt, "Professor West on Early Nineteenth Century Education," Economic History Review November 1971

Lars Sandburg, "The Case of the Impoverished Sophisticate," Journal of Economic History, 1979

M. Sanderson, "Literacy and Social Mobility in the Industrial Revolution in England," Past and Present, August 1972

J.H. Weiss, The Making of Technological Man. The Social Origins of French Engineering Education (1982)

Robert Anderson, "Secondary Schools and Scottish Society in the 19th Century," Past and Present November 1985: 176-203.

W.D. Rubinstein, "Education and the social origins of British elites, 1880-1970," Past and Present August 1986, 163-207.

E.W. Evans and N.C. Wiseman, "Education, Training and Economic Performance: British Economists' Views," Journal European Economic History 1984, 129-148.

Apr. 28 Why isn't the whole world developed?

Why Are We So Rich and They So Poor?

Simon Kuznets, "Modern Economic Growth: Findings and Reflections" in American Economic Review LXIII (June, 1973), and in his Population, Capital, and Growth, pp. 165-184

William N. Parker, 'Opportunity Sequences in European History', in Europe, America, and the Wider World: Essays on the Economic History of Western Capitalism, vol. 1., pp. 191-213.

E. A. Wrigley, "Why poverty was inevitable in traditional societies", in John A. Hall and I. C. Jarvie, eds., Transition to Modernity: Essays on Power, Wealth and Belief, Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1992, pp. 91-110.

Goldstone, J. (1987), "Cultural Orthodoxy, Risk, and Innovation: the Divergence of the East and West in the Early Modern World," Sociological Theory, 119-135.

Nathan Rosenberg and L. E. Birdzell, Jr., "Implications and Comparisons", Chapter 10 of How the West Grew Rich. pp. 302-35.